Ancient Iyiv tuam tsev: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab cov duab

Majestic pyramids ntawm Giza, muab zais los ntawm prying ob lub qhov muag qhov ntxa ntawm Valley ntawm tus vaj yog tsis tus tsuas yog monuments ntawm ib tug civilization uas ib zaug flourished rau ob lub ntug dej Nile. Nrog rau cov loj loj necropolis txaus siab thiab ancient Iyiv tuam tsev. Cov npe thiab cov duab ntawm cov feem ntau ua piv txwv lug peb muab tso rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Tiam sis ua ntej koj yuav tsum to taub txog lub tswvyim ntawm ib lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt. Nws tsis yog lub Koom Txoos nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub nkag siab ntawm lo lus - ib chav uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li txoj kev ncaj ncees lub koom txoos, thiab rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm tus ntsuj plig nrog Vajtswv. Tsis yog, lub tuam tsev yog tsev es palace. Ntawm no ib co Vajtswv nyob raws li ib tug nplua nuj txiv neej nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev loj. Nws muaj nws cov tub qhe - cov pov thawj. Txhua txhua hnub lawv dhau lub purification ritual, hnav khaub ncaws pej thuam ntawm Vajtswv, ua ntej nws zes censers thiab xyab, muaj kev txi raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub. Lub tuam tsev yuav nkag mus rau tsuas yog cov pov thawj - thiab tsis muaj ib tus neeg. Tej zaum Vajtswv tawm hauv lub palace mus xyuas tej yam nws cov txheeb ze. Nws cov kwv tij nyob rau hauv lub nkoj (nkoj), uas tau cab pa ships. Tsuas yog ces yuav yog lub uas cov neeg yuav xav Vaj tswv.

Kev loj hlob ntawm sacral architecture

Raws li koj paub, lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws muaj ob peb ntev ntev - kingdoms. Lub tsev teev ntuj architecture tsim maj. Nws lom zem ntau depended rau ntawm kev cai dab qhuas views, uas tseem muaj lub centuries underwent hloov. Tu siab, lub tuam tsev rebuilt raws li lub tswvyim tshiab, thiab peb tau hnov tib lub siv muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom Tshiab Kingdom. Tsis tas li ntawd zoo li las memorial tuam tsev ntawm ancient sij hawm. Tab sis lawv yog devoted mus rau lub posthumous cult ntawm lub pharaohs thiab lawv tombs uas nyob ib sab mus rau lub pyramid. Ntawm no yog peb saib lub ancient Iyiv tuam tsev ntawm lub tshiab Kingdom. Nws yog ib lub abode ntawm lub mus ib txhis Vajtswv. Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev nws muaj nws tus kheej lub tswvyim thiab, raws li, nws tus kheej architecture. "Palace" Vajtswv npaj rau qhov chaw rau officialdom thiab private, private quarters. Cov yav tas yuav tsuas nkag mus rau hauv lub xaiv pov thawj, dhau txhij txhua cleansing (da dej, plaub hau depilation, qhov saws me nyuam ntawm dej qab zib). Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub puab chav tsev tsis muaj qhov rais. Uas yog, nws tau muab zais los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm tus neeg.

Vajtswv lub palace nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 3000 BC. e.

Tsib txhiab xyoo ntawm ancient Iyiv tuam tsev (yees duab yog ib memorial thaj neeb Chephren) coj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug gigantic parallelepiped nrog inclined lwm phab ntsa thiab eaves crowning lawv. Nws yog ib tug tiag tiag muaj koob muaj npe palace nrog khab seeb sab hauv, yog nyob raws lub ntsiab axis. Nws yog tus ceremonial halls thiab txais tos cov chaw, qhov chaw uas Vajtswv mloog cov kev thov. Ntxiv mus, lub rear ntawm qhov chaw tos txais thiab cov chav rau cia offerings twb lag "tswv ntawm lub tsev." Direct sanctuary ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub plawv. Nws twb ncig los ntawm plaub los yog rau lub ntsiab chapels. Nyob ze yog cov sacristy thiab lwm chav rau lub ntees tuag kev pab. Lub ntsiab nrog twb muab faib ua ob loj kab rau peb aisles. Lub-ru tsev nws tus kheej tsis yog. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog ib tug loog nrog porticoes.

Ancient lub tuam tsev ntawm lub Middle Kingdom

Pib nrog Thutmose kuv thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov poj niam vaj ntxwv Hatshepsut (1505-1484 BC.) Layout hloov tej chaw dawb huv. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub Middle Kingdom tuam tsev yuav monumental halls ua rau lub sanctum sanctorum. Piv nrog ib tug me me txee dai khaub ncaws cia li stunning. Nyob rau hauv cov chav no yog exquisite nkoj. Lub loj heev phab ntsa ntawm ancient temples hloov ntau sacristies thiab chapels. Tab sis lub ntsiab innovation yog tus extraordinary richness ntawm paintings. Lawv them txhua, qab nthab, phab ntsa, pem teb. Raws li ib tug raug piv txwv ntawm lub sij hawm kev cai dab qhuas architecture yuav hu ua ancient Iyiv tuam tsev ntawm Karnak (Amon Ra) thiab twv el Bahri (sanctuary Hatshepsut). Sab hauv painting thiab hais txog cov nuj nqi ntawm txhua chav. Thiab lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej zoo nkaus li raws li ib tug synthesis ntawm lub cosmos thiab Vajtswv. Pw ua niam txiv - yog ib thaj av ntawm pleev xim rau saum qab nthab ntawm cov hnub qub - lub ntuj, kem capitals - paj nyob rau hauv architrave yuav saib xav tsis thoob noog.

Tuam tsev nyob rau hauv 1500 BC. e.

Maj mam, nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas qhuas twb muaj nteg ncaj ncees. Lawm, lawv twb tsis pub nyob rau hauv lub "dawb huv ntawm qhov chaw Dawb Huv" thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Tab sis tswj sacral vaj tse yos los ntawm 1500 BC, muaj innovation - ib los yog ntau tshaj courtyards, surrounded los ntawm ib tug colonnade. Muaj tau tso cai neeg mus koom nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas ceremonies. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi yog cov tshiab Kingdom tuam tsev nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt? Qhov twg tau lawv nyob? Lawv ncab raws Nile - los ntawm Abu Simbel nyob rau hauv lub ntws los rau Abydos (sab qaum teb ntawm niaj hnub Luxor). Txhua prefecture (cheeb tsam) tau nws patron vajtswv (los yog Tus Neeg ntawm Amon-Ra). Yog li ntawd, lub ancient Iyiv tuam tsev npe yog tsim nyog: Osiris, Hathor, Isis, Khnum, Thoth, Nehbet, Horus, Sobek. Peb kuj yuav tsum hais txog cov neeg Sanctuary ntawm vaj ntxwv, uas yog tseem xam tau tias yog gods: Ramesses II, Network kuv, III thiab Thutmoses lwm yam.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm lub ancient Iyiv Tshiab Kingdom

Xav txog nws lub classic piv txwv ntawm Karnak sanctuary Amun. Lub tuam tsev yuav tsum muaj kev nkag tau mus rau lub hav dej. Ua li no, los ntawm lub Nile nws tsoo los ntawm cov channel. Nws xaus nyob ze ntawm lub tuam tsev ib tug me me lub chaw nres nkoj, nyob qhov twg muaj ib lub nkoj sailing ornate. Iyiv gods muaj heev heev cov txheeb ze uas tuaj koom lawv "tsev" rau birthdays. Los ntawm cov waterfront yog tus "txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev." Nws framed sphinxes los yog saum cov Vaj tswv, zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug dawb huv tsiaj. Pylons facades tau preceded by ancient Iyiv tuam tsev. Diam duab qhia tau hais tias tus loj heev qauv ntawm cov pob zeb nrog me ntsis zij phab ntsa. Nws repeats cov ua cim rau "ntug". Thaum kaj ntug, lub hnub nyob ntawm nruab nrab ob lub yees ntawm lub pylon. Nws cov phab ntsa tau richly decorated. Tseem fwm qhov chij ncej. Rau lub pylon nyob lub loog, surrounded los ntawm ib phab ntsa. Nyob ib ncig ntawm nws puag ncig txhua tau txhawb ib tug nqaim discontinuous ru tsev, uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li kev tiv thaiv tsis yog los ntawm los nag thiab tiv tshav ntuj kub. Yais lub vaj, ib tug txiv neej poob mus rau hauv lub pillared nrog. Round tug ncej txhawb lub-ru tsev twb stylized papyrus thicket. Rau ntawm lub deb kawg ntawm lub chav tsev yog ib tug sanctuary. Nyob rau hauv nyhav sawv nyob rau hauv ib tug me me chav tsev nrog ib tug tsawg qab nthab so portable Rook. Ntawm no thiab Vajtswv nyob.

nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tuam tsev

Ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub txheej phab ntsa (temenos) yog tseem xam tau tias yog ib tug neeg dawb huv. Muaj koom haum pab cov chav. Nws yuav muaj chaw rau qhua "nyob twj ywm" lub gods thiab lawv arks. Warehouses rau offerings, kev cai dab qhuas khoom tsis nyob ib zaug xwb chav tsev. Thaum kawg, me me chav muaj tau muab rau cov pov thawj, qhov chaw uas lawv dhau ntawm txoj kev ntawm kev ntxuav koj lub cev ua ntej uas nkag mus rau lub sanctuary. Temples ntawm lub tshiab Kingdom ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws tau yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws dawb huv lub pas dej. Nws tau txais kev pab mus ntxuav lub pov thawj. Raws li kev ntseeg, lub hnub vajtswv Khepera li zog txhua txhua tag kis sawv ntxov ntawm lub pas dej ua raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntuj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub reservoir thiab qhov dej lawm. Ancient lub tuam tsev, lub npe thiab yees duab tias peb coj no, nyob rau lub pier tshwj xeeb chav tsev - ib tug berth rau nkoj. Thaum lub nkoj ntawm Vajtswv nqa nyob rau hauv nws lub xub pwg nyom cov pov thawj los ntawm lub sanctuary, lawv tau ua ib tug nres nyob rau hauv no me me lub tsev teev ntuj nrog ob lub qhov rooj nkag.

Obelisks thiab colossi

Iyiv tuam tsev muaj feem ntau ntxiv hais muaj nyob tom qab ib lub laj kab temenos. Tej zaum, ua ntej lub sanctuary muab colossi. Qhov no giant pej thuam ntawm tus khub ntawm lub Pharaohs leej twg los ua qhov no los yog lub tuam tsev ntawd. Notable no yog lub Colossi ntawm Memnon. Needless sanctuary tau raug fwm - tsuas yog ob tug saum cov Amenhotep III yog tsa mus rau hnub no. Thaum lub tuam tsev fij tseg rau lub hnub, ua ntej nws nkag ntsia obelisks - raws li feem ntau nyob rau hauv officers.

Ptolemaic thiab Roman lub sij hawm

Yuav ua li cas zoo lub ancient Iyiv tuam tsev: yuav ua li cas tau ntau xyoo lawv tau txais kev pab raws li lub tsev ntawm lub gods, thiab tsis teb cov lus txog cov kev hloov, los yog txawm conquest. Thaum lub Roman faj tim teb chaws engulfed lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib tug kev cai dab qhuas cult, me ntsis tau hloov. Heev rau tsis tooj. Roman emperors pib hnav cartouches nrog Hieroglyphs, lub cult ntawm Osiris, ua ib tug ntawm cov tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman. Txawm li cas los, interpenetration tshwm sim haiv neeg. Kev cai dab qhuas cwj pwm yog ua nrog, thiab cov tib neeg maj los txog rau cov teev uas ib tug Vajtswv.