Yuav ua li cas yog tus nqi ntawm Soviet hwj chim muab lub eradication ntawm illiteracy. Cov neeg thiab cov kev kawm

Literacy - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev. Uas yog vim li cas muaj ntau yam xav dab tsi muaj nuj nqis muab cov Soviet tsoom fwv ntaub kawm ntawv. Nws yog ib tsab paramount! Raws li statistics rau 1919, feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm post-imperial territories twb tsis paub nrog kev sau ntawv.

Decree "Nyob rau cov tshem tawm ntawm illiteracy nyob rau hauv lub USSR"

Ib tug ua luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug qib siab ntawm tus Communist tog ideology, haiv neeg (b) tawm peasants thiab neeg ua hauj lwm. Nws yog cov no pawg ntawm haiv neeg lawm overwhelming feem ntau ntawm cov uas tsis yog-sau cov neeg.

To taub qhov tseem ceeb uas txuas mus rau lub Soviet tsoom fwv kev kawm ntawv, nws yog ua tau, muaj familiarized nrog qhov yooj yim cov kev cai ntawm txoj cai ntawm 1919. Nws tsim yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav tau ib tug yooj yim theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv rau cov neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm 8 rau 50 xyoo. Lub eradication ntawm illiteracy nyob rau hauv lub USSR poob rau lub xub pwg nyom ntawm lub zos sab laj.

Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau. Namely combating illiteracy meej feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem yog lawv thawj kev txhawj xeeb. Lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv pawg tswj hwm ntawm ib teev ib lub zuj zus. Yog vim li cas? Tab sis tseem muaj ib tug tsov rog, thiab ntau tau los ntau lawm los ntawm txoj kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim los ntawm cov tub rog ua hauj lwm ntawm thawj lub ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog thiab kev tsov kev ua tub rog.

Txij li thaum 1919, ua tau pib lub tsim ntawm lub system ntawm lub USSR. Ua ntej tus kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub zos yog heev ob peb cov tsev kawm ntawv rau cov cov pejxeem. Lub tsuas qhov chaw uas cov me nyuam txais tau kev paub nyob rau hauv cov qauv rau kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv, twb parochial tsev kawm ntawv. Nrog lub advent ntawm Soviet hwj chim yog kev koom tsim lub xeev kev kawm ntawv system, uas nws thiaj li ua rau nws ua tau kom tau tsawg kawg yog thawj hom kev kawm rau tag nrho cov tub ntxhais pej xeem ntawm lub USSR.

Leej twg yuav tsis txhob qhia nyob rau hauv nqe lus kev kawm ntawv?

Tsis tag nrho cov nyiam mus txais tau kev paub? Yeej tsis tau. Muaj yog ib qho kev nthuav qhia txog ntawm cov Oryol cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv 1923 muaj twb pom txog 430 tsis paub ntawv cov me nyuam laus tshaj 8 xyoo. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub Decree, tag nrho lawv yuav tsum tau mus kawm nyeem ntawv cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus. Nws muaj kev tswj kom them cov chav kawm ntawv xwb 134 cov neeg.

Peb kom meej meej saib qhov tseem ceeb uas txuas mus rau lub Soviet tsoom fwv kev kawm ntawv, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib co pawg ntawm cov pej xeem tsis yuav tau mus kawm cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv cov chav kawm ntawv. Main privileged pawg yog:

• yog hais tias tus tswv tsev los yog hostess nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm ib tug (ib tug) - vim hais tias ib tug neeg tsis muaj lub sij hawm los hais nrog cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab kawm;
• Cov neeg uas tau muaj daim ntawv pov thawj muaj mob (nyob rau hauv niaj hnub parlance - "mob");
• puas (feem ntau yuav, cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis taus, leej twg yuav tsis pom, tsis hnov lus los tsis tau tsiv mus);
• tus neeg uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv pej xeem tej hauj lwm;
• cev xeeb tub cov poj niam uas muaj gestational hnub nyoog 6 lub hlis, cov poj niam yuav tsum tau qhia rau cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm lub hlis tom qab yug me nyuam ntawm ib tug me nyuam (lub sij hawm tau ntawm kev ncua mus rau ib xyoos yog tias ib tug poj niam yog pub niam mis).

Tau ntawm lub sib ntaus tawm tsam illiteracy

Paub li cas ib qho tseem ceeb lub Soviet tsoom fwv muab lub eradication ntawm illiteracy, tsis txhob hais tias peb muaj kev tswj kom kawm ntawv tag nrho cov neeg tsis muaj kev zam tsuas yog privileged pawg. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug thoob teb chaws pejxeem census nyob rau hauv 1937, illiteracy yog tseem 25% ntawm cov pejxeem. Feem ntau ntawm lawv, ntawm chav kawm, lub villagers.

Tom qab kev kawm lub anecdotal pov thawj, peb twb paub lawm hais tias qhov tiag qhov teeb meem no yog txawm zuj zus. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg uas raug xam tias yog literate, tau tsuas kos npe rau, sau lub npe, thiab lub npe ntawm nws lub zos. Qhov tiag txhob nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam illiteracy, muaj lawm tsuas yog thaum qhov link ntawm nroog thiab nyob deb nroog cov chaw tau ua qhov tseem muaj zog.