TsimSecondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv

Yuav ua li cas yog lub qab ntug? Lub qab ntug kab. Kev txiav txim ntawm lub ntug ntawm lub tog. Lub azimuth ntawm lub ntsiab ob tog

Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau rau orientation rau tej roob hav, yog li ntawm peb cov hais: mus, kev qhia thiab cov lus qhia (ntau yam khoom rau hauv av). Nyob rau hauv encyclopedias muab ib tug txhais ntawm lub qab ntug: nws yog pom mus rau hauv lub qhov muag kab, uas ciam teb rau lwm lub ntuj rau hauv av.

Cov Navy Hiav txwv ntug txhais tau ib tug me ntsis txawv txoj kev. Txij ancient sij hawm, qhov fleet tau nws tus kheej navigation thiab ib co ntawm lawv tus kheej txhais cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub marine encyclopedia Hiav txwv qab ntug - ntuj kab kev sib txuas thiab cov dej. Ntsia (sighting beam) kom muaj li no kab yog pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub vajvoog ntawm cov dej.

Yuav ua li cas rau next nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txawv qhov chaw

Landmark yuav ua tau tej zoo-pom tej yam khoom uas yog dog dig sawv tawm. Qhov no yuav ua tau ib tug loj heev pob zeb los yog pob zeb rau ib tug ca saum npoo. Nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug benchmark yuav yog muaj ib tsob ntoo, raws li, nws yuav tsum sov ua licas sawv tawm los ntawm cov neeg coob coob thiab sawv daws, yuav ua rau nws yooj yim rau koj nco ntsoov.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub qab ntug? Tsis muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog ib tug txiv neej lossi ib ncig ntawm nws muaj Space: yeej pom lub voj voog - nws yog ib lub kab ntawm lub qab ntug.

Cov neeg nrhiav tau no vajvoog ib tug ob peb tshwj xeeb salient cov ntsiab lus. Lawv pom tias cov hnub qub nyob saum ntuj tsiv mus nyob rau ib lub voj voog, thiab ib tug ntawm lawv, raws li nws muaj nyob rau hauv tib lub qhov chaw yog saum toj no rau lub qab ntug. Nws yog ib lub North Star. Ntxiv mus, cov neeg them mloog mus rau cov khoom teejtug uas yog ib co magnetized khoom uas nyob rau hauv limbo - lawv yeej ib txwm tig rau ntawm ib kawg nyob rau hauv nws cov kev taw qhia. Thiab maj mam mus rau qab ntug vajvoog plaub lub ntsiab ntsiab lus (lub qab ntug) tau pom tias - sab qaum teb, sab qab teb, sab hnub poob, sab hnub tuaj. Cov npe no yog cov cardinal cov ntsiab lus tseem tseem ceeb niaj hnub no.

Lus Txhais qab ntug sab

Nrog kev pab los ntawm lub North Star los yog qhia tshwj xeeb uas magnetized khoom (compass, astrolabe) cov neeg yuav, los ntawm qhov twg hauv lub ntiaj chaw, los mus txiav txim rau sab qaum teb, thiab ces sawv mus fim nws, nyob rau lub sab ntawm nws lub cev seem tub ntxhais chaw: lub rov qab - rau sab qab teb, nyob rau hauv txoj cai - sab hnub tuaj, nyob rau sab laug - sab hnub poob.

Lub mus rau lub kab rov tav thiab degrees

Txhua peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub qab ntug vajvoog accommodates 90 degrees. cov kab rov tav dav hlau yog muab faib mus rau hauv me me sib npaug zos Team sib nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 360 daim - yuav muab piv rau lub approximate cov hnub nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo. Txhua yam ntawm cov feem muaj tau lub npe lub lo lus "degree" thiab tau txais ib serial tooj - los ntawm 1 mus rau 360.

Xav txog degrees los ntawm ib tug taw tes - ib tug taw tes ntawm lub qab ntug, nyob rau ntawm lub North Star. Los ntawm nws, suav mus rau sab xis (clockwise).

Kev txiav txim ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov nram qab no: nws yog tsim los ntawm ob tug rays emanating los ntawm ib tug taw tes (ib chav kawm ntawm kev kawm txog zauv ntawm nruab nrab cov chav kawm ntawv). Txhua degree ncig - ib yam lub.

Lub azimuth ntawm lub ntsiab sab ntawm lub qab ntug

Tej yam yooj yim duab angle muaj ob tug arbitrary beam. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv yuav tsum tau raws kev coj kom tog ntawm qhov chaw. Thiab muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb azimuth beam - nws yog xa nyob rau hauv ib cov kev taw qhia, rau sab qaum teb. Raws li yog lub npe hu, lub geometry ntawm Internal fab muaj ib tug tshaj plaws loj uas mus txog rau 180 degrees (ncaj lub), tab sis lub azimuth yuav ua tau ntau dua, i.e. 0-360 degrees.

Los ntawm no nws hais ntxiv hais tias lub azimuth ntawm lub - lub kaum sab xis, uas yog tsim los ntawm ob tug kab teeb, ib tug ntawm lawv yog raws kev coj kom lub sab qaum teb, lub thib ob - nyob rau thaj av. Lub azimuth ntawm lub ntsiab sab ntawm lub qab ntug yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv degrees, thiab clockwise yog suav los ntawm xoom.

Xab lub azimuth ntawm lub countryside

Tam sim no ib tug me ntsis txog cov lus qhia ntawm lub teeb. Lub qab ntug kab yog cim tsis tau tsuas yog cov plaub lub ntsiab ntsiab lus (qhov no coj ntawm lub rays ntawm qhov chaw - sab qaum teb, sab qab teb, sab hnub poob, sab hnub tuaj), tab sis kuj intermediate - nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub ntsiab. Piv txwv li, nyob nruab nrab ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob kaum sab xis ntawm 45 degrees yog nqa intermediate kev taw qhia. Nws yog xa mus rau raws li rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj. Raws nraim tib yam kev taw qhia yuav ua lub tsev nyob rau hauv txhua quadrant. Yog li tau "azimuth nplhaib", nws yog tseem pom nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm 22.5 degrees, cov kabmob txhawb ib feem. Lawv xws li north-sab hnub tuaj-sab hnub poob, sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj thiab thiaj li nyob. D.

Traveler nrog kev mus tau yooj yim txiav txim rau sab qaum teb cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv tej huab cua thiab ntawm txhua lub sij hawm ntawm lub hnub. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav yooj yim mus nrhiav txoj cai coj thiab tsis muaj ib tug compass. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ib tug paub zoo txog ntawm azimuth nplhaib.

Azimuth - lub kaum sab xis uas yuav tsum tau ntsuas los yog lub tsev. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus rau kos cwj mem qhuav thiab ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov av los ntsuas cov reticle beam (qhov muag). Nyob rau ib daim ntawv qhia los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim phau los ntsuas thiab tsim azimuths yooj yim yooj yim protractor - protractor. Ua li no, kos tus cim rau chaw taw tes, lub sab ntawm lub qab ntug. Tom ntej no rau qhov yuav tsum tau mus kos ib tug ncaj ces kaum nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Kos tus cim rau yog nqus cov yam taw tes thiab pom los ntawm nws tus compass los ua kom muaj cov tsheb khiav ntawm lub kaum sab xis mus rau qab ntug, mus rau sab qaum teb point. Tig lub, uas yog hu ua ib tug azimuth.

Nyob rau hauv ib cov pa card muaj ntau ntsug kab - nws yog sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob ntug ntawm tus ncej thiab kab ntawm lub coordinates nrog cov kev taw qhia ntawm sab qaum teb. Tab sis lub ntsug daim phiaj kab yog tej zaum kuj tsis heev thaum uas tig mus ncej card - tsim ib qho kaum sab xis. Nws yog tsis loj heev thiab li ntawd nws yog feem ntau tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account.

Piv txwv li, qhov yuav tsum tau los ntsuas cov azimuth routing kab ntawm taw tes A taw tes B. Transportir center (zero point) yog superimposed on lub point A, ib qho ntawm nws axes yog rotated li hais tias nws yog thaum uas tig mus rau lub kab ntsug card ntxiv degree protractor scale tshem tawm countdown degrees los ntawm point Ib tug taw tes B.

compasses

Compasses muaj ib tug txawv tsim. Cov feem ntau lug siv yog lub compass uas tau ua lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua Lavxias teb sab topographer Petrom Adrianovym. Lub npe nws tsim nyog - Compass Hadrian. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, compasses tau ua los ntawm tooj dag, niaj hnub no lawv yog ua los ntawm cov yas.

Adrianov Compass muaj tsib yam: ib lub cev reticule nplhaib povtseg, ib tug sib nqus koob thiab ib tug clip.

Lub round cov ntaub ntawv txuas thiab consolidates tag nrho cov tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm nws tsau rau hauv luv luv steel rab koob thawb ntawm nws txhais tes. ob slits nyob rau sab, los ntawm kev uas kis tau ib pluaj uas yog nruj rau nws txhais caj npab, zoo li ib tug moos. Tej zaum daim ntawv pluaj rau hnav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub caj dab ntawm lub compass. Saum toj no yog ib qhov nrog springs ua los ntawm tooj dag, nrog lawv cov kev pab rau lub tsev yog fastened thiab rotates lub diopter nplhaib.

Lub sighting nplhaib tso iav, muaj ob protrusions nyob rau sab sauv ntug thereof - thiab yoov qhov muag. Nyob rau hauv lawv peb muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sab hauv sab ob voos projections uas yog them tshwj xeeb pes tsawg leeg, glow nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti. Cov protrusions yog pointers thiab count rotations ntawm lub nplhaib qhia nyob rau hauv degrees rau lub scale ntawm kev compass.

Lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm lub compass - magnetized koob. Nws txiav los ntawm ib tug hlau phaj. Qhov kawg ntawm tus xub taw tes rau sab qaum teb, tib yam txheej muaj pes tsawg leeg, ci nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti. Xub revolved rau lub koob yooj yim, ib tug me me lens nyob rau ntawm nws qhov chaw, uas thiaj li muaj qhov inhibitory nyhuv uas cov rotating qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv qis sab muaj ib tug tapered so, nws cia siab rau lub xub koob uas muab kev sib hloov circumferentially.

Povtseg - dawb nplhaib nrog pawg. Nws yog zoo li tus azimuthal nplhaib. Nws muaj ib tug ntev bar uas yog coated nrog ib tug luminous muaj pes tsawg leeg - qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm kev sib cais ntawm reference. Tsis tau muaj yog peb cov ntsiab lus uas tseem ci nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti, thiab saum toj no lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov compass. Txhua division ntawm lub compass yog peb degrees.

Clip - springy hlau phaj, bent nyob rau hauv ib nrab. Thaum nws raug thawb outwards los ntawm lub qhov nyob rau hauv lub vaj tse, lub phaj xaus yog compressed, tso lub koob qhia kev, thiab nws yog kuv lens, "zaum" nyob rau lub koob. Thaum lub clamp yog thawb inwardly compass - suab springs straightened, tshem lub koob xub thiab nias rau hauv lub khob. Nyob rau hauv no txoj hauj lwm, lub koob kaw thiab lub koob tsis ua hauj lwm.

Niaj hnub nimno hom compasses

Tam sim no, yuav luag tag nrho cov tourists yog ntaus pob ncaws pob ib cov kua compass nrog nws ntau yooj yim thiab yooj yim mus ua hauj lwm nrog. Nws txhais tes nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuaj ntsiav uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog kua. Nws tso cai rau clockwise ntsia tau rau hauv ib tug northerly kev taw qhia rau ob peb lub vib nas this. Muaj ntau ntau txawv cov qauv ntawm cov kev ua si compasses, lawv povtseg muaj ntau yog teev division - mus rau 2 degrees. Cov tshuaj ntsiav yog nyob rau lub compass card, uas muaj ib tug ntsuas tus pas ntsuas. Nyob rau lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib nws tus kheej, raws li zoo raws li lub tshuaj ntsiav coated teem nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus kab, uas yog yooj yim npaum li mus ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntawv teev lus.

Niaj hnub nimno compasses yuav tau npog nyob rau hauv lub dab teg, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub caj dab ntawm ib pluaj. Lub teeb thiab tus nqi lawv yog ua los ntawm tej yam-resistant cov ntaub ntawv, lawv ua hauj lwm zoo nyob rau hauv txawv climates.

Tuav ib tug compass

Tsim nyog los tiv thaiv lub ntaus ntawv los ntawm tej yam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kua khoom. Lawv lub cev yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub phaj lawm, yog li ntawd, yog heev yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd cov neeg zej zog compass yuav tsum tau zam nrog hlau khoom - qhov no muaj ib tug tsis zoo ntxim rau cov magnetic koob. Thaum lub compass yog tsis nyob rau hauv kev siv, koj yuav tsum hnav nws nyob rau hauv koj phab caj npab los yog caj dab los yog cia li huv si nyob rau hauv nws lub hnab tshos.

Cov kev cai rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog compass

Muaj plaub hom ntawm kev ua nrog rau cov compass:

  1. Paub txog hais tias xws li ib tug ntug, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm ib tug compass yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau nws ib feem. Cia li qhib catch, thiab cov xub nws tus kheej yuav qhia rau sab qaum teb cov kev taw qhia. Ua hauj lwm tiav: defining rau sab qaum teb, nws tsis yog nyuaj mus nrhiav rau lwm sab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog txaus rau nco qab lub azimuthal nplhaib.
  2. Ua hauj lwm nrog rau daim ntawv qhia los ntawm tus compass. Nws yog tsim nyog los qhia hauv daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntug ntawm lub tog. Ua li no, nws muab li hais tias cov kawm tuab si lug kab nyob rau daim ntawv qhia no thaum uas tig mus rau lub axis ntawm lub compass xub, thiab rau sab saum toj ntawm cov kab yog nqe lus hais txog nyob rau hauv lub yuam kev, uas zoo sab qaum teb kawg ntawm lub magnetized kev taw qhia. Yog li ntawd, paub hais tias xws li ib tug ntug, ib tug yuav competently next rau hauv daim ntawv qhia. Compass yog muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv qhia kom nws dhau nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lub card. Tom ntej no, qhib xub, tom qab nws yuav twj ywm, yuav tsum tig rau daim ntawv qhia nrog rau cov compass kom txog thaum lub ciam teb kab thiab lub xub yuav tsis tsum nyob rau hauv tib yam kab. Koj yuav tsum ua kom paub tseeb tias lawv yog raws nraim nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj kab, thiab lub hau ntawm lub "looks" maps raws nraim rau sab qaum teb. Tam sim no lub card yog raug taw qhia kom paub nyob rau hauv txoj cai coj, thiab nws yog ua tau los mus txiav txim rau tag nrho cov lus qhia rau tej taw tes ntawm soj thiab lub zos khoom, uas yog, qhov pom qab ntug.
  3. Resection kab - nyhuv ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, uas, paub txog lub azimuth qhia txog thereon thiab sib txuas lus landmarks, ces txav mus rau qhov kev kawm lub hom phiaj.
  4. Resection yog ntxeev - qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, thaum nws pom lub hom phiaj thiab paub txog tias nws yuav sai sai no yuav muab zais los saib, nrog lub koob txiav txim magnetic kabmob ntawm ib thaj av-lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yuav pab los ntawm ncaj qha serif mus txog rau lub Desired qhov chaw los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm ib tug qab rau lwm yam thiab sib txuas lus raws li kev cai.

Los ntawm no nws raws li nram no uas muaj ob tug possibilities:

  1. Muaj yog ib tug tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub cheeb tsam, tiam sis muaj yog ib tug sib nqus azimuth ntawm yam hom phiaj (npaum li cas ntawm daim card).
  2. Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm lub cheeb tsam yog muaj, thiab ib thaj av pom. Piv txwv ib tug txiv neej sawv ntawm ib lub toj surrounded los ntawm cov hav zoov, thiab paub hais tias thaum nws pib txav, tsom rau ib lub sij hawm ntev zais los ntawm nws lub xub ntiag. Thiab ces nws mam li mus nws txoj kev raws tus azimuth (direct serifs).

Nyob rau hauv thawj embodiment, lub azimuth tau los ntawm daim card, nyob rau hauv ob - los ntawm sighting ib lub hom phiaj.

Compass Hadrian: ncaj notch

  1. Ib tug pointer mounted rau yoov division povtseg uas sau raws nkaus Ii cov yam azimuth.
  2. Cov compass rab koob qhib, thiab nws yog ua povtseg, piv txwv li nulshtrih povtseg noj los ntawm sab qaum teb kawg ntawm lub koob los ntawm rotating lub cev.
  3. Pom (squinting nws ob lub qhov muag) - koj yuav tsum tau saib rau tus yoov los ntawm lub txoj kab txiav qhov muag, ces lub qhov muag pom nyob rau hauv qhov kev ncua deb ib yam khoom, uas poob rau tus yoov (xeem ib thaj av).
  4. Tam sim no cov kev tswj yog nqa tawm pov thawj hais tias yog zoo siv 2 thiab 3 kauj ruam. Compass txoj hauj lwm tsis hloov, ces tes kaw.

Direct notch yog sau tseg rau thaum tib lub sij hawm yog xam approximate deb mus rau lub qab ntug. Koj muaj peev xwm ces lub taub hau mus rau lub qhov rooj nkag landmark, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb nws yog tsis mus tsis tau. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov sighting beam (lub tswv yim) rests on ib tug tej yam tsob ntoo, uas yog muab rau dua lub landmark. Nws yuav tsum zoo yuav tsum nco ntsoov thiab tsis yuav tsum tau meej pem nrog lwm tus neeg. Raws li cov qauv yuav tsum tau xaiv nyob deb khoom vim hais tias, thaum koj tuaj mus rau lawv, nws yuav tsim nyog kom rov hais dua dua ib tug ncaj notch. Qhov no lub lag luam yuav siv sij hawm lub sij hawm.

Kev txiav txim ntawm lub azimuth ntawm qhov pom landmark - resection

  1. Cov compass koob Opens ntau roughly (kwv yees li) yog tom los ntawm lub dial kev taw qhia. Ya, kuj kwv yees li, yog xa mus rau lub landmark los ntawm kev xa cov sighting nplhaib.
  2. Tom ntej no, lub povtseg yog tsau los ntawm lub xub thiab meej tom rau tus yoov landmark.
  3. Tom ntej no yog nulshtriha xyuas yog hais tias nws yuam kev los ntawm lub sab qaum teb kawg, lub thib ob txiav txim yog rov qab.
  4. By suav cov povtseg yog muab tshem tawm, lub koob kaw.

Direct thiab rov qab serifs rau lub compass kua

Direct:

  1. Cov compass yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia kom cov sab kawg ntug kev txhawj xeeb thiab cov kev siv taw tes zog.
  2. Lub rotating ib feem ntawm lub compass yog rotated li ntawd cov kev txaus ntshai yog thaum uas tig mus rau daim duab qhia cov magnetic meridian. Ob chav qhov uas yuav tsum tau saib rau sab qaum teb.
  3. Tom ntej no card yog muab tshem tawm. Lub tsev nyob yog nyob horizontally thiab koj lem mus rau sab qaum teb kawg ntawm lub xub nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau cov uas yuav muaj. Nyob rau hauv no txoj hauj lwm ntsawj phaj kab yuav qhia tau cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog. Ua raws li ntawm khiav rau ib daim ntawv qhia yog tsis tsim nyog, koj yuav tsum tau tsuas saib mus rau lub xub yeej tsis pauv nws txoj hauj lwm. Qhov no saib kuas raug azimuth zog. Kua Compass, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau li ib txwm, ua kom cov kev taw qhia tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev khiav, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tus mus dhia. Nws yog tsuas tsim nyog los kawm tau li cas kom nws nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav txoj hauj lwm.

Sib cuag:

  1. Cov compass yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav txoj hauj lwm, ib tug siv yog raws kev coj kom lub sab los yog axial ntug ntawm lub vaj tse.
  2. Ces nws puv mus rau lub tshuaj ntsiav kom txog thaum lub xub tshwm ntawm lub ob uas yuav muaj, taw vim sab qaum teb. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum mus saib yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam degrees yog muaj nyob rau ntawm lub povtseg nyob ze ntawm lub chaw kab.

Tam sim no kev coj tus kheej tau, nws yog tsim nyog los sau rau hauv ib phau ntawv. Paub txog dab tsi lub qab ntug thiab azimuth ntawm qhov kev tsim nyog benchmark, nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg mus nyob rau hauv txoj kev, ua lub serifs, tsiv mus rau lub lub hom phiaj los ntawm bushing bearings.

Tiam sis peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab hais tias txhua leej txhua tus tib neeg yeej ua yuam kev nyob rau hauv txhua yam, xws li nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub compass. Leej twg yuav ua ib tug yuam kev nyob rau hauv sib txawv kiag li txoj kev: rau yam qhov xaus ntawm lub sub coj cov povtseg tsis muaj tseeb, tsis ncaj ncees lawm endorsing cov yam khoom. Yam yuam kev yuav ua tau heev kim. Vim hais tias, ua nyob rau hauv coj txawv txawv ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob deb los ntawm tib neeg settlements, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus tau ploj. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg mus yuav tsum tau ceev faj heev thiab saib ob peb lub sij hawm.

Rho tawm compass Hadrian uas nws txhais tes yog heev kua, thiab nws yog heev yooj yim mus nrhiav kom tau precisely rau lub voj bar limb. Nws yog xav paub ntau tsim nyog yuav muab tso rau hauv kev pab compass rau ntau dua cov neeg. Haum ib tug hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov los yog cia li lo daig nyob rau hauv lub hauv av. Tseem yuav tsum tau reinsured - ua serifs tsis ib, tab sis ob peb cov neeg nyob rau hauv ob los yog ntau tshaj compasses. Txhua neeg xyuas pib muaj ib lub luag hauj stunt ob: ob ntawm lawv nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ua lub serifs. Yog hais tias qhov kev tshwm sim pom zoo, ces txhua yam yog zoo. Yog hais tias lawv txawv me ntsis, qhov nruab nrab yog npaum li cas. Tab sis thaum laij tsis phim, ces lub lag luam yog tsim nyog los hloov kiag li.

Nyob rau hauv lub phiaj los nqis tes lub zog yog muab faib ua ob qho kev xaiv: nyuaj azimuth (tsis muaj daim ntawv nruj me ntsis azimuth) thiab cov lus tsa suab nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no (nyob rau glades, paths, txoj kev), rau tom kawg pab pawg neeg yog ntxiv ua los ntawm cov approximate kev taw qhia (azimuth kev taw qhia).

Heev feem ntau, txoj kev nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tshem tau cov sighting beam, vim hais tias lawv tiv thaiv obstacles xws li dej ntws, av muaj dej, ntxhab hillsides, overgrown thicket ntawm hav zoov chaw. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov nram qab no siv tactic: qho lwm sib txawv ntawm cov azimuth. Piv txwv li, ib tug tej yam nyuab sab laug mus rau cov nqi, cov lwm yam - nyob rau txoj cai. Tom qab txhua bypass ntxiv cov kev taw qhia kho.

Thaum lub zog mus azimuth peb degrees txawv muab ib tug approximate tsib feem pua offset tawm los taw tes. Yog li ntawd, lub azimuth yog routed los ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm lub sij hawm (orientation) ntawm ib tug neeg feem.

Muaj peev xwm mus nrog ib tug daim ntawv qhia thiab compass - kev txawj traveler. Nrog rau cov kev txawj ntse ntawm Orienteering, paub txog dab tsi ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub qab ntug thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb nyob rau hauv azimuth, lub traveler yeej yuav tsis tau poob rau txawv teb, tsis muaj teeb meem qhov twg nws yog. Nws yuav tsum yog li ntawd yuav muab rau tag nrho tej no ntau dua cov xim, intending mus rau ib qho chaw twg los yog nce.

Raws li rau cov kev xaiv ntawm lub koob qhia kev, ces txiav txim siab txhua txhua tus txiv neej rau nws tus kheej, hais tias nws yog ntau yooj yim. Tab sis muaj yog ib tug ib txwm mus rau lub fact tias kev paub cov neeg nyob rau hauv hnub nyoog xaiv ib tug laus thiab muaj tseeb compass Hadrian, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas xav niaj hnub analogs. Ob lub qub thiab lub caij nyoog kawg no ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws, vim hais tias no nws yog tsuas yog rau cov yooj yim thiab cwj pwm. Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ua hauj lwm zoo raws li cov laus qauv, nws tau txais kev pab ntau tshaj ib xyoo caum, thiab tshiab, zoo tuaj.

Muaj ib tug zoo txawv tebchaws thiab ib txoj kev zoo rau sawv daws uas yog kev npaj mus pw hav zoov! Nco ib txwm pom mus rau lub qhov muag kab ntawm lub qab ntug!

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