Muaj ntau ntau ntau centuries dhau los, cov neeg twv tias tej yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb muaj me me hais. Nws coj ib co sij hawm, thiab zaum tau muaj pov thawj hais tias cov hais tsis muaj nyob. Lawv hu ua atoms. Feem ntau atoms yuav nyob ua ib ke nyias thiab ua ke ua ib pawg. Cov pawg yog hu ua molecules. Lub npe "molecule" yog muab tau los ntawm Latin lo lus moles, lub ntsiab lus hnyav, pob tsuas, colossus, thiab cov diminutive suffix - cula. Yav tas los, qhov no lub sij hawm twb siv es tsis txhob ntawm lo lus "corpuscle", lus ntsiab lus "me me lub cev". Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi cov molecule, peb tig mus rau lub phau ntawv txhais lus. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus Ushakova hais tias yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle uas yuav nyob ua ib ke ntawm nws tus kheej thiab muaj tag nrho cov khoom ntawm qhov teeb meem uas nws hais txog. Molecules thiab atoms yog tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm peb, thiab txawm tias lawv yuav tsis kov, txhua yam uas peb pom, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb - nws yog lawv giant pawg.
QAUV dej
Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los mus piav qhia li cas rau molecule yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv lub khob piv txwv nrog dej. Yog hais tias muab pov rau hauv nws ib nrab, tus saj, xim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov seem uas dej yuav tsis hloov. Nws yuav coj txawv txawv tshwm sim ib yam dab tsi lwm tus. Yog hais tias rov muab pov ib nrab hnub, tus xov tooj yuav txo tau, tab sis cov khoom nyob twj ywm li qub dua. Ntxiv nyob rau hauv tib leeg, peb thiaj li nrhiav tau ib tug me me droplet. Nws yog tseem tau mus rau faib lub pipette, tab sis endlessly ntxiv no yuav tsis ua hauj lwm. Thaum kawg tau lub me tshaj particle, nyob rau qhov seem ntawm cov dej yuav tsis paub faib. Xav txog tej yam hais tias qhov no molecule thiab yuav ua li cas me me, sim twv yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam molecules yog nyob rau hauv ib teev dej. Yuav ua li cas koj xav hais tias? Billion? Ib puas billion? Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau txog ib puas ntawm lawv sekstilonov. Qhov no muaj pes tsawg tus, uas yog ib chav tsev tom qab nees nkaum-peb-zero. Qhov no tus nqi yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam, yog li peb siv ib tug sib piv: qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib tug dej molecule yog tsawg tshaj li ib tug loj Kua raws li ntau lub sij hawm raws li lub Kua nws tus kheej yog tsawg tshaj li lub ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom pom txawm lub feem ntau haib kho qhov muag tshuab kuaj kab mob.
Tus qauv ntawm molecules thiab atoms
Raws li peb twb paub, tag nrho cov me hais nyob rau hauv lem yog muaj li ntawm atoms. Nyob ntawm seb lawv muaj pes tsawg, cov orbits ntawm lub hauv paus atom thiab lub hom bonds geometric zoo tej zaum yuav txawv molecules. Piv txwv li, tib neeg DNA yog lub qhov txhab nyob rau hauv ib tug kauv daim ntawv no, thiab qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle ntawm kev rooj ntsev muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Yog hais tias lub molecule cas tos ib tug ob peb atoms yuav raug puas tsuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub yav dhau los yuav tsis ploj, tab sis yuav yog ib feem ntawm lwm yam microparticles.
Thaum peb xam tawm hais tias qhov no molecule, peb mus rau lub atom. Nws qauv yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau ib qhov system planetary: qhov chaw yog lub nucleus nrog neutrons thiab zoo them protons, thiab electrons txav nyob ib ncig ntawm txawv orbits. Feem ntau atom yog electrically nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tus xov tooj ntawm electrons sib npaug rau tus xov tooj ntawm protons.
Peb cia siab tias peb tsab xov xwm tau pab tau, thiab tam sim no koj tsis muaj lus nug ntxiv hais txog dab tsi lub molecule thiab cov atom, yuav ua li cas lawv ua hauj lwm thiab dab tsi yog qhov txawv.