Yuav ua li cas yog kev kawm ntawv - tus txhais lus thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov nruab nrab thiab cov municipality

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab cai muaj yog ib tug ncaj tseeb txhais, piav qhia txog hais tias xws li kev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv nws yog yuav tsum tau to taub ib tug tseem ceeb txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev kawm thiab kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tib neeg, pej xeem thiab lub xeev cov kev txaus siab. Nws yog noteworthy uas kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov kev kawm

Nyob rau hauv "Lavxias teb sab pedagogical Encyclopedia" kuj piav hais tias xws li ib tug kev kawm ntawv. Ntawm no yog lub tswvyim yog dog dig nrug. Education - yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm socialization, pedagogically ncaav thiab nqa tawm nyob rau hauv koj tus kheej thiab pej xeem nyiam.

hom kev cob qhia

Thawj sib qhia ua hauj lwm thiab kev kawm ntawv. Cov yav tas yuav tsum ua ib zaug xwb paub, hais txog ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug kws kawm ntawv nyob rau xws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv? Nws yog hais txog tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev kawm uas tsom nws cov ntsiab lus rau cov kev xav tau thiab tej yam kev mob ntawm ib qho kev specialization. Ntawm chav kawm, ib feem ntawm txoj kev no muaj xws li cov General Education caij. Ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tsev kawm ntawv, nrog rau kev thiab tau txais qhov yooj yim kev kawm ntawv. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj ib co yooj yim, ntau kev qhuab qhia. Cov no muaj xws, piv txwv li, xws li philosophy, psychology, pedagogy, kev cai lij choj, economics thiab lwm tus neeg. Txoj cai muab lub tswvyim ntawm tshwj xeeb thiab kev kawm ntawv cov kev pab cuam. Lawv, nrog rau cov kev kawm ntawv cov qauv, ib qhov system of tsev uas siv lawv, tub ceev xwm tshwm sim tawm lub tag nrho kev kawm network nyob rau hauv Russia.

Theem ntawm kev kawm

Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv hnub no tus Russia? Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias txoj kev kawm system tau undergone tseem ceeb cov kev hloov thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm tag nrho ntawm nws lub neej. Niaj hnub no, lub Lavxias teb sab kev kawm ntawv no tau muab faib mus rau hauv pre-tsev kawm ntawv, cov thawj, cov kev yooj yim, sab sauv theem nrab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv parallel, muaj tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev kawm. To taub qhov txawv ntawm qhov theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv yuav tsum, xam tau tias yog ib co ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, dab tsi yog qhov pre-lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev kawm ntawv? Nws yog ib qho kev ua kev kawm uas yog txoj kev loj hlob, kev kawm me nyuam yaus. Yuav ua li cas yog kev kawm ntawv? Qhov no txoj kev txais kev paub tswj lub kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam. Qhov no theem yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov thawj thiab cov theem siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nruab nrab tau txais tag nrho los yog kev kawm muaj kev nkag tau mus rau lub tom ntej no theem. Tom qab tsev kawm ntawv, kev kawm ntawv los yog kawm ntawv qib siab uas ib tug neeg mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tom ntej no tej zaum yuav ua raws li post-kev kawm (Doctorate los yog Kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv). Tseem muaj yeem ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txawj ntse. Yuav ua li cas yog ntxiv kev kawm ntawv, nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub. Los ntawm lub yeem ntaub ntawv muaj xws li ntau yam los tsis ua cas yam khoom, hobby pawg, kev kawm rau cov neeg laus, muab advanced kev kawm. Rov qab mus rau cov lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi high school kawm ntawv, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yog no theem yog xam los ntawm ntau yam qhia ntawv hauv paus tso cai cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsim lawv lub peev xwm nyob rau hauv raws li qhov kev txaus siab, tau txais ib tug yooj yim kev txawj ntse.

Hom pedagogical tsev nyob rau hauv Russia

Muaj ntau cov kws txawj ntseeg tau hais tias qhov zoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv uas yog pej xeem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no muaj txhawb rau feem ntau cov all-round kev loj hlob ntawm tus neeg. Muaj ntau ntau yam koom haum los xyuas kom meej qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev kawm. Thawj hom kev kawm me nyuam yaus yog nyob rau hauv preschool. Cov no muaj xws nurseries, kindergartens. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias, vim lub fact tias lawv tsis muaj peev xwm los npog tag nrho cov me nyuam niaj hnub no, cov thawj lub luag hauj lwm los xyuas kom meej thawj zaug upbringing ntawm tus me nyuam ntog rau hauv tsev neeg. Cov theem tom ntej yog lub tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov chaw ua hauj muab thawj feem ntau, yooj yim los yog tag nrho kev kawm ntawm cov me nyuam. Hu ua "lub tsev kawm ntawv" yuav tsum tau to taub thiab gymnasia, chav ua si, lyceums thiab lwm tus neeg. Ib txhia tsev xyaum nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav txog tej yam kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv Russia, tseem muaj cov chaw rau kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam, cov possibilities no xwb.

Tshwj Xeeb, kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tsev

Nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj ua hauj lwm hauv tsev, ua hauj lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Kawm cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv tsev tswj tau ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv elementary kev paub nyob rau hauv ib disciplines. Secondary ua hauj lwm kev kawm ntawv pej xeem tau txais nyob rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab zoo sib xws hauv tsev. Universities muaj hnub thiab yav tsaus ntuj cov chav kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov tsev, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv raws li cov xaiv specialization. Tseem muaj cov tsev kawm ntawv rau ntxiv kev cob qhia rau cov me nyuam thiab cov neeg laus.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm pedagogical txheej txheem

Pej xeem yog kev txawj ntse, thiab ntau dua, thiab theem nrab, mas nyob rau hauv lub yav tav su cov chav kawm ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj thiab yav tsaus ntuj cov chav kawm ntawv. Nws yog suav hais tias yuav tsum muaj ib tug tshiab kuj externship. Qhov no daim ntawv ntawm cov kev kawm no yuav muaj kev ywj siab txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov neeg los yog lwm yam khoom nrog rau cov tom ntej piab. Rau hnub tim, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau yav tas los xyoo, nkag tau mus rau lwm cov kev tshawb fawb ho txhab. Heev nrov extramural kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog noteworthy tias cov feem-lub sij hawm cov tub ntxhais kawm yog nce txhua txhua xyoo. Qhov no qhia cov kev txaus siab ntawm cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv. Lub paj qhia tsis tau tsuas yog cov kawm ntawv tiav, tab sis kuj yuav ua hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg hluas. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam yuav kom tau ib tug thib ob degree. Nws yog nkag mus rau hauv tej chaw thiab deb kev kawm. Yuav kom txais tau kev paub li ntawd, thov computer technology, satellite TV, Internet. Faib deb txoj kev kawm yog mas vim computerization ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv.

Txib, cov variability ntawm txoj kev kawm

Nyob rau hauv lub variability ntawm kev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau to taub raws li lub peev xwm ntawm txoj kev kawm sib haum mus rau lub peevxwm thiab muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov tub kawm ntawv thiab tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua. Rau lub Lavxias teb sab kev kawm system , qhov no sib yog pom tias yuav tau ib yam ntawm lub ntsiab. Lwm cheeb tsam ua tus txheem, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm inextricably txuas mus rau tus thawj - yog lub standardization ntawm lub pedagogical txheej txheem. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub ntsiab lus no yog ib tug kawm rau hauv pej xeem thiab lwm cov tsev kawm ntawv. Hais txog uas, koj yuav tsum txiav txim seb dab tsi lub municipality. Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab txhais no, nws yog to taub cov dawb daim ntawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov tsev kawm ntawv.

pedagogy teeb meem

Muaj yog ib tug hluas lub teb chaws txheej txheem - theem uas yuav tsum tau paub txog hais tias tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau txais nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem. Tsis ntev los no, nws yog feem ntau hais tias tus Lavxias teb sab kev kawm ntawv system muaj teeb meem loj. Qhov no yog piav los ntawm tus ntawm cov kev ywj pheej kho ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, cov lus sib liam tsis muaj av hauv qab lawv. Raws li statistics, nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo lub theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv yog tsis tau tsuas yog tsis poob, tab sis, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, tau zus. Qhov no qhia hais tias ib tug municipality uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia, yog ib tug zoo-ncaav kev kawm system. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ib co tsev kawm ntawv yuav hloov lub lwm yam, ib tug txheej txheem uas tseem niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, nrog rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam yuav tsum tau ntau txawj neeg ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, ntau thiab ntau nrov hnub no yuav theem nrab thiab siab dua ua hauj lwm kev kawm ntawv.