Kabmob ntawm feem. Scheme qee lub cev

Rho tawm yog qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm toxins tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov metabolism hauv. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov stability ntawm nws sab hauv ib puag ncig - homeostasis. Cov npe ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov tsiaj nrog cev ntau haiv neeg - tshwj xeeb hlab metanephridia. Tus txiv neej muaj ib tug mechanism rau qhov kev siv ntawm tus txheej txheem no.

qee lub cev system

Metabolic dab yog heev thiab coj qhov chaw nyob rau tag nrho cov ntau ntau - los ntawm molecular rau organismal. Yog li ntawd, lawv siv yuav tsum tau ib tug tag nrho lub cev. Excretory kabmob ntawm tib neeg outputted txawv tshuaj.

Tshaj dej yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub cev los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm lub ntsws, daim tawv nqaij, hnyuv, thiab ob lub raum. Heavy hlau salts cais siab thiab hnyuv.

Ntsws - ua pa system, lub essence ntawm cov uas dag nyob rau hauv lub cev yog cov pa thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm nws. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb. Tom qab tso tawm carbon dioxide nroj tsuag tsiaj txhu siv rau photosynthesis. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm carbon dioxide, dej thiab lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas muaj cov xim chlorophyll, lawv tsim ib tug carbohydrate piam thaj thiab oxygen. Ntawm no yog xws li ib tug tseem ceeb heev kev voj voog ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov yog tau. Tom qab lub ntsws kuj tsis tu ncua tshem tawm cov dej seem.

Outputs hnyuv undigested zaub mov seem, thiab ua ke nrog lawv thiab teeb meem cov khoom ntawm metabolism, uas yuav ua rau lom kab mob.

Digestive caj pas lub siab - ib tug tiag tiag lim rau tib neeg lub cev. Nyob rau hauv nws yog npaum li cas los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm tshuaj lom tshuaj. Lub siab secretes ib tug tshwj xeeb enzyme - cov kua tsib, uas obezorazhivaet toxins thiab tshem tawm lawv los ntawm lub cev, xws li cov tshuaj lom ntawm dej cawv, tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj noj.

daim tawv nqaij lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm

Tag nrho cov kabmob ntawm feem yog irreplaceable. Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv kev ua txhaum ntawm lawv muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav noog tshuaj lom - toxins. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no plays qhov loj tshaj plaws tib neeg hloov - daim tawv nqaij. Ib qho ntawm nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws zog - yog qhov kev siv ntawm thermoregulation. Thaum lub sij hawm intensive kev ua hauj lwm rau hauv lub cev tawm ntau heev ntawm tshav kub. Accumulates, nws yuav ua rau overheating.

Daim tawv nqaij regulates qhov kev siv ntawm lub tshav kub tso zis, kom tsuas qhov tsim nyog tus nqi. Ua ke nrog ces, tsuas yog dej, raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub cev mineral ntsev, urea thiab ammonia.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub tshav kub?

Tus txiv neej yog ib tug sov so-blooded tsiaj. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws lub cev kub tsis yog nyob ntawm seb klimaticheskiz tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob los yog ib ntus nyob. Organic tshuaj uas nkag mus rau ntawm cov zaub mov: cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, carbohydrates - yog lawm nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv rau lawv cov pej xeem. Lawv yog cov hu ua monomers. Lub loj npaum li cas ntawm thermal zog tso thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no. Txij li thaum lub ambient kub yog feem ntau hauv qab no lub cev kub (36.6 degrees), raws li cov kev cai ntawm physics, lub cev xa ib seem ntawm tshav kub nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, i.e., nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia qhov chaw uas nws me me thiab. Qhov no ua rau cov kub equilibrium. Txheej txheem tej yam thiab tshav kub tiam los ntawm lub cev thiab yog hu ua regulators.

Thaum ib tug neeg tawm fws lub feem ntau mob siab heev? Thaum nws yog kub nraum zoov. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub txias rau lub caij hws suab tsis sawv. Qhov no yog vim hais tias lub cev yog tsis zoo rau poob thaum tshav kub kub thaum nws thiab thiaj li tsis muaj ntau.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm thermoregulation muaj feem xyuam rau lub paj hlwb. Piv txwv li, thaum cov tub ntxhais sweaty xib teg, qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm excitement cov hlab ntsha dilate thiab tshav kub dissipation qab.

Tus qauv ntawm lub urinary system

Tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qee ntawm metabolic khoom ua si ib urinary hloov khoom nruab nrog cev. Nws muaj ib tug khub ntawm lub raum, ureters, zais zis, uas yuav qhib outwardly zis. Nyob rau hauv qab no daim duab (Scheme "sib cais lub cev") qhia tau hais tias cov kev kho ntawm cov lub cev.

Ob lub raum - lub ntsiab hloov qee

Excretory kabmob pib tib neeg ob lub raum. Nws paired taum-zoo li tus kabmob. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub plab mog rau ob tog ntawm cov nqaj qaum, uas muab lub concave sab.

Sab nraum lawv txhua txhua tus yog them nrog lub plhaub. Los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb groove, uas yog hu ua tus raum rooj vag mus rau lub cev xws li cov hlab ntsha, qab haus huv thiab ureters.

Lub puab txheej yog tsim ntawm ob hom tshuaj: cortical (tsaus) thiab lub hlwb (teeb). Lub raum yog tsim zis, uas yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tank - lub plab mog, tswv yim therefrom nyob rau hauv lub ureter.

Nephron - lub hauv paus ntawm lub raum

Excretory kabmob, nyob rau hauv particular raum, muaj ib tug qauv ntawm elementary units. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov metabolic dab tshwm sim nyob rau cellular theem. Txhua lub raum yog ua los ntawm ib lab nephrons - lub yam ntxwv thiab tej units.

Txhua yam ntawm lawv yog tsim los ntawm ib tug lub raum corpuscle, uas nyob rau hauv lem puag ncig lub khob zoo li tus capsule nrog tangle ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Cov Kev Kuaj Zis yog Ameslikas mus no. Los ntawm txhua tus capsule ncaim convoluted tubules ntawm tus thawj thiab thib ob tubular, qhib muab khaws tseg ducts.

Lub mechanism ntawm tsim ntawm cov zis

Cov Kev Kuaj Zis yog tsim los ntawm cov ntshav raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ob tug dab: pom thiab reabsorption. Tus thawj ntawm cov dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv corpuscles nephron. Pom ntshav ntshav xaiv tag nrho cov Cheebtsam tsuas yog proteins. Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov zis ntawm ib tug neeg noj qab nyob yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Thiab nws muaj qhia ib tug ua txhaum ntawm metabolic dab. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm filtering kua yog tsim, uas yog hu ua cov thawj cov zis. Nws npaum li cas - 150 litres ib hnub twg.

Tom qab los txog rau theem tom ntej - reabsorption. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias los ntawm cov thawj zis nyob rau hauv cov ntshav sucked rov qab tag nrho pab tau rau cov kab mob tshuaj: mineral ntsev, amino acids, qabzib, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov dej. Cov no ib tug thib ob zis - 1.5 liter ib hnub twg. Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg noj qab nyob yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav ib tug yooj yim qab zib piam thaj.

Secondary zis nyob rau hauv 96% ntawm cov dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj xws li sodium, potassium thiab tshuaj, urea thiab uric acid.

Micturition reflex cim

Txhua nephron theem nrab zis nkag mus rau hauv lub raum lub plab mog, los ntawm uas nws ntws raws tus ureter mus rau lub zais zis. Nws yog ib tug npag hloov khoom nruab nrog unpaired. Lub volume ntawm lub zais zis tsub kom nrog lub hnub nyoog, thiab ib tug neeg laus nce mus txog 0.75 l. Sab nraum lub npuas qhib lub qhov zis. Thaum cov qhov tso zis yog txwv los ntawm ob sphincter nqaij - yeej leeg.

Yuav kom arisen tso zis txheej txheem yuav tsum noog nyob rau hauv lub zais zis ntawm txog 0.3 liters. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim, lub receptors yog tsa phab ntsa. Cov leeg daim ntawv cog lus thiab so kom txaus cov sphincter. Tso zis tshwm sim across, i.e. neeg laus muaj peev xwm tswj tus txheej txheem no. Tso zis tswj los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm poob siab system, nws chaw nyob rau hauv lub sacral cheeb tsam ntawm lub hlwb txha nqaj qaum.

qee muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov kabmob

Lub ob lub raum ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tshem qhov kawg khoom ntawm metabolism ntawm tus kab mob, tswj cov dej thiab ntsev pauv thiab los tswj lub constancy ntawm osmotic siab ntawm cov kua nruab nrab lub cev.

excretory kabmob lim toxins los ntawm lub cev thaum tswj ib tug ruaj khov theem ntawm tshuaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog rau ib txwm full hauj lwm ntawm tib neeg lub cev.