Yuav ua li cas yog benzene? Qauv benzene mis, lub zog thiab daim ntawv thov

Ntawm cov loj arsenal ntawm organic tebchaw muaj ob peb lub tebchaw, lub foundations thiab kawm ntawm uas twb nrog ntev-lub sij hawm kev controversy. Lawv rightfully yog benzene. Qauv nyob rau hauv benzene Science News for KIDS yog thaum kawg coj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, whereas elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov teeb meem txhais txawm nyob rau hauv 1825 xyoo, qhov tseem ceeb nws los ntawm thee ib, uas yog ua raws li ib tug byproduct ntawm coking thee.

Benzene nrog toluene, anthracene, phenol, naphthalene yog tam sim no raug xa mus rau raws li uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm no molecule hydrocarbon, nrhiav lub zog, xws li solubility, kub taw tes thiab ceev ntawm benzene thiab txhais lub Scope ntawm tebchaw nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab ua liaj ua teb.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub arena?

Science News for KIDS ntawm Organic tebchaw dlhos tag nrho cov paub tshuaj rau hauv ob peb pawg, xws li alkanes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, etc. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm txhua chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog cov xub ntiag ntawm tej hom ntawm bonds. Cov molecules muaj tsuas nyeem hydrocarbons sigma daim ntawv cog lus, ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam ethylene - ob, triple daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv alkynes. Yuav ua li cas cov chav kawm ntawv yog benzene?

Tus qauv qhia lub xub ntiag ntawm benzene nyob rau hauv nws cov molecule ib tug uas muaj ntxhiab nplhaib, ib tug benzene nplhaib ntawm lub title. Tag nrho sib txuas ntawm organic xwm uas muaj ib los yog ntau tshaj ntawm cov rings nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules, xa mus rau raws li cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm arenes (uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus benzene, uas peb xav, qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tseem ceeb heev tshuaj, uas raws li toluene, aniline, phenol thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yuav ua li cas los txiav txim cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm cov molecules ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbon

Chiv, zaum tau tsim los pab cov zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub compound qhia los ntawm cov _{neeg pab leg ntaubntawv,} C ₆ H _6, uas tus kwv tij molecular loj ntawm benzene yog 78. Ces ob peb embodiments ntawm lub yam ntxwv qauv tau npaj, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg ntawm lawv tsis sib haum mus rau lub sij lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm benzene cai chemists nyob rau hauv laboratory thwmsim.

Nws tau ze li ntawm plaub caug xyoo ua ntej lub German explorer Alexander Kekule nthuav nws version ntawm tus yam ntxwv mis, uas muaj ib tug benzene molecule. Nws twb tau mus kawm los ntawm peb cov coj bonds, qhia tau unsaturated xwm ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm hydrocarbon. Qhov no contradicted tus tiag tiag uas twb muaj lawm cim kev sib tshuam compound ntawm mis C ₆ H ₆ nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj, e.g., nrog bromine, nitric acid, chlorine.

Tsuas yog tom qab meej e benzene molecule configuration nyob rau hauv nws cov yam ntxwv mis nyob los benzene nucleus (nplhaib), thiab nws tseem siv nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm organic Science News for KIDS.

Hauv configuration ntawm cov molecule C6H6

Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm spatial qauv muaj ib tug benzene? Tus qauv ntawm lub benzene raug thaum kawg paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm ob tshua: lub trimerization ntawm acetylene los benzene thiab cyclohexane rau hydrogen yuav txo tau. Nws pom hais tias cov pa roj carbon atoms yog interconnected tsim ib tug ca hexagon thiab yog nyob rau hauv sp ² hybridization siv rau kev sib txuas lus nrog peb lwm atoms ntawm nws cov plaub valence electrons.

Qhov seem rau free p-electrons cov txheej txheem perpendicular mus rau lub molecular dav hlau. Sib tshooj txhua lwm yam, lawv muab lub hauv tag nrho electron huab, hu ua ib tug benzene nucleus.

Qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus-peb lub hlis twg

Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu tias lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw nyob ntawm seb tsuas yog nyob rau lawv sab hauv qauv thiab cov tshuaj bonds ntawm atoms tshwm sim. Lub electron qauv ntawm benzene, nws tseem tau mus xaus hais tias cov molecule yog tej nuj nqis yooj yim tsis muab ob npaug rau bonds, uas yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv cov mis Kekule. On qhov tsis tooj, cov tshuaj bonds ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms yog muaj sib npaug. Ntxiv mus, kev π-electron huab (tag nrho rau C atoms) Cov ntaub ntawv ib tug tshuaj hom kev twb kev txuas, hu ua ib tug huab tais, los yog muaj ntxhiab. Qhov tseeb ua qhov kev thaj chaw ntawm lub benzene nplhaib thiab, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj sis ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj.

lub zog

Arenes muaj nyob rau hauv lub molecule ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms sawv cev yog kua ntau xwb. Nws tsis yog ib qho kev zam, thiab benzene. Tus qauv ntawm benzene, raws li peb nco qab, cim tias seb thaum nws molecular xwm. Yuav ua li cas qhov no fact cuam tshuam nws lub zog?

Los ntawm tej lub kub ntawm cov kua kis mus rau hauv lub khoom theem thiab lub benzene yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug dawb crystalline loj. Nws nkag melted ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 5,5 ° C. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, lub tshuaj yog ib tug tsis muaj kob kua nrog ib tug peculiar tsis hnov tsw. Nws kub taw tes ntawm 80,1 ° C.

benzene ceev txawv nyob ntawm seb qhov kub sov tso. Qhov kub yog siab dua, qhov ceev yog tsawg dua. Ntawm no yog ib co piv txwv. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm 10 ° ceev ntawm 0,8884 g / ml, thiab nyob rau hauv 20 ° - 0,8786 g / ml. benzene nonpolar molecules, li ntawd, lub tshuaj yog insoluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Tab sis lub compound nws tus kheej yog ib tug zoo organic hnyav, piv txwv li, lub sibhawm.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog benzene tshuaj zog

Nws yog tsim los experimentally hais tias cov uas muaj ntxhiab nucleus ntawm benzene yog ruaj khov, i.e. Nws yus siab kuj mus rhuav. Qhov tseeb piav txog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yees rau lub tshua ntawm lub hom ntawm hloov chaw, piv txwv li, nrog chlorine nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob, nrog bromine nrog nitric acid nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg benzene siab kuj mus oxidising agents xws li poov tshuaj permanganate, bromine dej. Qhov no ib zaug dua qhia hauv lub qhaj ntawv nyob rau hauv lub molecule arena ntawm ob bonds. Txhav oxidation, txwv tsis pub lub npe hu ua lub burning, cov yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons. Txij li thaum lub feem pua ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv lub molecule, C ₆ H ₆ loj, benzene nchauv nplaim retardant yog nrog los ntawm cov tsim ntawm muaj hmoov quav hais. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua carbon dioxide thiab dej. Ib lo lus nug nthuav yog: yuav cov uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbon hnov mob kev twb kev txuas? Cia peb xav txog nws nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau tus benzene nplhaib kis?

Nco qab tias nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me daim ntawv cog lus arenes tam sim no huab tais uas ua los ntawm cov tshooj ntawm rau p electrons carbon atoms. Nws cov lus dag ntawm lub plawv ntawm lub benzene nplhaib. Yuav kom ua kom puas nws thiab ua tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, yuav tsum tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob, xws li lub teeb kis, high kub thiab pressures, catalysts. Ib tug sib tov ntawm benzene thiab tshuaj reacts kev twb kev txuas nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ultraviolet tawg. Cov khoom ntawm no sis yuav hexachlorocyclohexane - toxic siv lead ua tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb raws li ib tug insecticide. Nyob rau hauv hexachlorane molecule twb tsis muaj benzene nplhaib, ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev sib tawg tshwm sim rau Symptoms ntawm tshuaj atoms.

Lub tswv yim rau daim ntawv thov ntawm benzene

Nyob rau hauv ntau industries yam khoom uas yog lug siv raws li ib tug hnyav thiab kuj raws li ib tug feedstock rau lub ntxiv kev npaj ntawm varnishes, yas, dyes li ib tug additive nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj zog roj a. Ib tug txawm ntau dua ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv thov yog derivatives ntawm benzene thiab homologues thereof. Piv txwv li, nitrobenzene, C ₆ H ₅ TSIS ₂ yog tus thawj reagent rau aniline. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog chlorine nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm txhuas chloride raws li ib tug catalyst twb npaj hexachlorobenzene. Nws yog siv rau pre-kev kho mob ntawm cov noob, raws li zoo li siv nyob rau hauv cov ntoo kev lag luam rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntoo tiv thaiv kab tsuag. Homolog nitration ntawm benzene (toluene) yog tau heev, lub npe hu ua TNT los yog TNT.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb soj ntsuam lub thaj chaw ntawm xws ntxhiab compound raws li qhov sib ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tus muab los ntawm benzene combustion, thiab nrhiav nws cov kev siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab ua liaj ua teb.