Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv isomers thiab homologues? Yuav ua li cas yuav isomers ntawm alkanes?

Ua ntej xav tias yuav ua li cas rau tsim isomers ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons qhia nta ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tshuaj.

noo hydrocarbons

ntau chav kawm CxHy sawv nyob rau hauv cov organic Science News for KIDS. Sawv daws muaj ib tug dav dav mis, homologous series, zoo tshuaj, daim ntawv thov. Rau nyeem alkane hydrocarbon chav kawm ntawv raug zaug xwb (sigma) daim ntawv cog lus. Cov kev mis ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tshuaj CnH2n + 2. Qhov no piav txog cov yooj yim tshuaj zog: xaav, burning, oxidation. Rau paraffins yog tsis raug koom, vim kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm cov hydrocarbons ib.

isomerism

Cov tshwm sim ntawm isomerism piav ntau yam txog cov organic tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv isomerism yog feem ntau to taub phenomenon nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau ntau organic tebchaw muaj tib lub xov tooj ntawm cov tswv cuab (tus naj npawb ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule), tab sis ib tug txawv kev kho ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Cov uas ua cov ntaub ntawv uas yog hu ua isomers. Lawv yuav ua tau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob peb cov chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons, thiab yog li ntawd txawv tshuaj zog. Lwm Yam compound molecule alkanes atoms muab sawv mus rau ib tug yam ntxwv isomerism. Yuav ua li cas yuav isomers ntawm alkanes? Muaj yog ib qho algorithm, raws li uas muaj peev xwm yuav sawv cev los ntawm cov yam ntxwv isomers ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tshuaj. Muaj xws li ib tug tseem nrog tsuas yog plaub carbon atoms, piv txwv li, ib tug qauv ntawm butane C4H10.

isomeric hom

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub yuav ua li cas sau ntawv qauv ntawm lub isomers, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau muaj kev to taub ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub tib lub atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule nyob rau hauv sib npaug zos xov tooj, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv kev txiav txim, yog hais txog mus rau lub spatial isomerism. Txwv tsis pub, nws yog hu ua stereoisomerism. Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem no, siv cov tsuas yog ib qho yam ntxwv mis yog tsis txaus, yuav tau siv tshwj xeeb projection los yog spatial qauv. Nyeem hydrocarbons pib los ntawm H3C-CH3 (ethane), muaj ntau yam ntsig txog configurations. Qhov no yog vim kev sib hloov nyob rau hauv lub molecule los ntawm C-C daim ntawv cog lus. Nws yog ib tug yooj yim σ-daim ntawv cog lus tsim ib tug conformational (teb) isomers yog tau.

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev isomers paraffins

Wb tham txog yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau alkane isomers. Cov chav kawm ntawv muaj ib tug yam ntxwv isomerism, i.e., carbon atom ntaub ntawv ib tug txawv saw. Txwv tsis pub, tau hloov rau txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub saw ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms ntawm cov pa roj carbon lub cev pob txha hu ua isomerism.

isomers ntawm heptane

Yog li ntawd, tawm hauv lub isomers ntawm lub substance muaj pes tsawg leeg C7H16? Rau starters, koj yuav npaj tag nrho cov carbon atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev txoj hlua, ntxiv mus rau txhua ib yam naj npawb ntawm cov atoms C. Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas? Noj rau hauv tus account tias cov valence ntawm carbon yog sib npaug zos rau plaub, nyob rau hauv huab atoms rau peb hydrogen atoms thiab nyob rau inner - ob. Cov uas ua molecule muaj ib tug linear qauv, ib tug hydrocarbon hu ua n - heptane. Cov tsab ntawv "n" txhais tau tias ib tug ncaj carbon lub cev pob txha nyob rau hauv lub hydrocarbon.

Tam sim no hloov qhov chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms, "shortening" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug ncaj carbon saw nyob rau hauv C7H16. Tsim isomers tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub txhab los yog zog yam ntxwv daim ntawv. Xav txog tam sim no tus thib ob embodiment. Thawj ib C atom npaj ib tug methyl radical ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm.

Active isomer heptane, muaj cov nram qab tshuaj lub npe: 2-methylhexane. Tam sim no "peb tsiv mus nyob rau" radical carbon atom mus rau lub tom ntej no. Cov uas ua nyeem hydrocarbon hu ua 3-methylhexane.

Yog hais tias peb tseem yuav tsiv mus nyob radical numbering yuav pib nyob rau sab xis (los ze zog mus rau lub sab saum toj yog ib tug hydrocarbon radical), uas yog, peb tau txais no isomer, uas peb twb muaj. Yog li ntawd, xav txog yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau lub mis ntawm isomers ntawm lub pib khoom, yuav sim ua kom lub cev pob txha txawm "luv luv".

Qhov seem ob ntawm cov pa roj carbon yuav ua tau tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob free radicals - methyl.

Thawj teem caij rau lawv nyob rau hauv txawv carbons muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw. Peb hu lub resulting isomer -2,3 dimethylpentane.

Tam sim no tawm hauv ib lub radical nyob rau tib lub qhov chaw, thiab yuav tsiv mus nyob rau tom ntej no ob carbon atom ntawm lub ntsiab saw. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog hu ua 2,4 dimethylpentane.

Tam sim no npaj cov hydrocarbon radicals muaj ib tug carbon atom. Thaum xub thawj, lub thib ob, tau 2,2 dimethylpentane. Tom qab ntawd, peb tau txais dimethylpentane 3.3.

Tam sim no peb tawm nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw ntawm plaub carbon atoms, cov lwm yam peb siv raws li methyl radicals. Peb teem caij rau lawv raws li nram no: ob tug rau lub thib ob C atom, muaj ib tug - peb carbon. Peb hu isomer tau: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

Nyob rau hauv Piv txwv li heptane peb tham txog yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau isomers ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons. Nyob hauv daim duab piv txwv ntawm cov yam ntxwv isomers yog sawv cev rau butena6 nws cov tshuaj derivatives.

alkenes

Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tshuaj muaj cov kev mis CnH2n. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub nyeem C-C bonds nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no, muaj kuj yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Nws txiav txim rau lub yooj yim thaj chaw ntawm no series. Wb tham txog yuav ua li cas tawm hauv lub isomers ntawm alkenes. Cia qhia lawv sib txawv los ntawm roj nyeem hydrocarbons. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub isomerism ntawm lub ntsiab saw (structural mis) rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic hydrocarbons yog tseem yus muaj los ntawm peb hom ntawm isomers, geometric (cis thiab trans ntaub ntawv), ntau yam daim ntawv cog lus txoj hauj lwm thiab Interclass isomer (cycloalkanes).

isomers ntawm C6H12

Sim kom paub seb yuav ua li cas rau compose isomers c6h12, xav tias lub fact tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw rau cov mis yuav muaj ncaj qha mus rau lub ob chav kawm ntawm organic tebchaw: alkenes, cycloalkanes.

Yuav pib, xav txog yuav ua li cas yuav isomers ntawm alkenes, yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Muab ncaj carbon saw, muab tso rau ntau daim ntawv cog lus tom qab thawj zaug carbon atom. Peb yuav ua tiag tsis tau tsuas yog los mus ua kom s6n12 isomers, tab sis kuj mus rau npe rau lub substance. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas - hexene - 1 Cov zauv qhia rau txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub molecule ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv nws txav raws cov pa roj carbon saw, hexene tau -2 thiab hexene - 3

Tam sim no peb xav tias yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau isomers ntawm cov mis no, hloov cov xov tooj ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw.

Yuav kom txo pib carbon lub cev pob txha ib tug carbon atom, nws yog ntshai raws li ib tug methyl radical. Ob chav daim ntawv cog lus tom qab thawj zaug tawm ntawm lub atom S. Tus uas ua isomer ntawm systematic nomenclature yuav muaj cov nram qab lub npe: 2 methylpentene - 1. Tam sim no tsiv mus nyob rau hydrocarbyl pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw, tawm hauv unchanged txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ob daim ntawv cog lus. Qhov no unsaturated hydrocarbon yog ib tug branched qauv hu ua 3 methylpentene-1.

Nws yog ua tau tsis muaj kev hloov rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ntsiab saw thiab ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus isomer: 4 methylpentene-1.

Rau C6H12 muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tau sim kom tshem tau cov ob daim ntawv cog lus los ntawm tus thawj rau lub thib ob txoj hauj lwm tsis transforming nws tus kheej lub ntsiab saw. Lub radical li tau tsiv raws cov pa roj carbon lub cev pob txha, txij thaum lub thib ob atomic S. no isomer muaj lub npe 2 methylpentene-2. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem tau tso ib tug radical CH3 peb carbon atom li tau 3-methylpentene 2

Thaum muab tso rau hauv lub qhov seem ntawm lub plaub carbon atom saw yog tsim dua tshiab tej yam khoom uas unsaturated hydrocarbon nrog carbon lub cev pob txha winding - 4 methylpentene-2.

Nrog ib tug ntxiv yuav txo tau ntawm tus xov tooj C nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw, yuav tau txais ib tug isomer.

Lub ob daim ntawv cog lus yuav tawm tom qab thawj zaug carbon atom, thiab ob tug radical xa mus rau lub thib peb C atom ntawm lub ntsiab saw, dimetiluten tau 3,3-1.

Tam sim no peb muab radicals rau ib sab carbon atoms, tsis muaj kev hloov rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ob daim ntawv cog lus tau 2,3-dimethylbutyl 1. Sim tsis muaj kev hloov qhov loj ntawm lub ntsiab saw, ob daim ntawv cog lus txav mus rau lub thib ob txoj hauj lwm. Cov radicals yog li peb yuav muab xwb 2 los yog 3 C atoms, muaj 2,3 dimethylbut-2.

Lwm yam ntxwv isomers rau ib tug muab alkene tsis, tej kev sim tuaj nrog qhov kev tshawb xav yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov organic tshuaj A. M. Butlerova.

Spatial isomers C6H12

Tam sim no nrhiav tau tawm yuav ua li cas ua isomers thiab homologs ntawd los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm spatial isomerism. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog hais tias cov cis thiab trans alkenes tsuas yog ua tau rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm 2 thiab 3.

Thaum nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau hydrocarbon radicals tsim cis - ntsuas -2-hexene, thiab nyob radicals kev kho nyob rau hauv ntau cov dav hlau, trans-hexene daim ntawv - 2.

Interclass isomers C6H12

Ua txog yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau isomers thiab homologues yuav tsis hnov qab txog qhov no embodiment li Interclass isomerism. Rau unsaturated hydrocarbons tooj ntawm ethylene, muaj cov kev mis CnH2n xws isomers yog cycloalkanes. Lub feature ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug cyclic (kaw-voj) qauv nyob rau hauv lub nyeem ib daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms. Koj muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug qauv ntawm cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclobutane, trimetiltsiklopropana.

xaus

Organic Science News for KIDS multifaceted, enigmatic. Cov nuj nqis ntawm cov organic tshuaj tshaj pua pua ntawm lub sij hawm lub xov tooj ntawm inorganic tebchaw. Qhov tseeb yog yooj yim piav qhia los ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm xws li ib tug cim tshwm sim raws li isomers. Yog hais tias ib tug homologous series cov txheej txheem zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm tshuaj, hloov rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau, cov tshiab tebchaw npe isomers. Tsuas yog tom qab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tshuaj qauv ntawm cov organic tebchaw tau txwv kom muab zais tag nrho hydrocarbons to taub txog cov specifics ntawm txhua hoob kawm. Ib tug ntawm cov kev cai ntawm no ziag no, ncaj qha mus txog rau lub phenomenon ntawm isomerism. Qhov zoo Lavxias teb sab chemist, muaj peev xwm to taub, los piav, los ua pov thawj hais tias cov chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms yog nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub substance, nws reaktsionanya ua si, ua daim ntawv thov. Yog hais tias peb los sib piv cov naj npawb ntawm cov isomers tsim marginal unsaturated alkanes thiab alkenes, ua yeej alkenes. Yog vim li cas yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Hais tias nws tso cai rau cov hoob kawm no ntawm cov organic teeb meem mus rau tsim tsis tsuas yog tus alkenes ntawm ntau hom thiab lug, tab sis kuj yuav tham txog meklassovoy isomers nrog cycloalkanes.