Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm cov kos duab tseem muaj yeej

Kos duab - lub tswvyim yog heev multifaceted. Nws nruab nrab yog cov ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug tag nrho. Muaj ib co ntawm nws views. Artworks muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm kev muaj tiag, xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab lub ntiaj teb no sau phau ntawv. Raws li cov aesthetic txhais lus ntawm cov essence ntawm lub tswvyim yog kho raws li mimesis - imitation, sensual qhia ntawm ib yam dab tsi supersensible. Tom ntej no, xav txog dab tsi yog qhov hom ntawm cov kos duab.

aesthetic nqi

Hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kos duab yog xam raws li cov kev qhia ntawm kev nco, ib tug tshwj xeeb chav kawm ntawm lub txheej txheem ntawm mastering lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv sab ntsuj plig thiab cov tswv yim kev coj. Nrog rau qhov no ua hauj lwm yog ib qho organic complex ntawm creation, tib neeg kev sis raug zoo, thiab ntsuam xyuas qhov teeb meem no. Tham txog dab tsi muaj daim duab cov ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nqis ntsoov teev, xws li, puab duab, xinesmas, ua yeeb yam thiab lwm tus neeg. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv muaj ib co zoo ntawm kev taw qhia. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Tom ntej no, saib ib co ntawm cov hom ntawm cov ntsiab lus.

painting

Tham txog dab tsi cov kawm Askiv, peb tsis tau hais txog qhov no muaj tswv yim taw qhia. Lub keeb kwm ntawm painting mus rov qab centuries. Qhov no muaj tswv yim taw qhia tau hloov zuj zuj los ntawm lub qhov tsua paintings mus rau qhov tseeb tiam sis. Painting lub widest ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov possibilities rau lub realization ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm designs - los ntawm realism rau paub daws teeb kos duab. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov hniav kev kawm nyob rau hauv ntau yam ua sawv ntawm keeb kwm hloov zuj zuj heev contradictory. Qhov no yog tsuas yog vim lub advent ntawm kev kawm thiab muaj tiag taw. Qhov kawg ntawm XIX-XX centuries pib los tsim xws fine arts raws li ib tug underground, paub daws teeb, avant-garde. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm cov taw cim ib tug tsis ntawm lub depiction. Xwb, nws yog ib tug active qhia ntawm tus sau tus kheej kev sib raug zoo rau kev muaj tiag, convention thiab lub siab lub ntsws nqaij daim tawv, geometrization thiab exaggeration ntawm cov dluab, associativity thiab hniav puas daws teeb meem. Thaum lub sij hawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua tseem mus nrhiav kev txhais tau tias thiab pleev xim tshiab. Qhov no ua rau nws lig ntau los ntawm yav dhau los hom yeej of art. Txawm li cas los, rau piv txwv, cov roj painting, thiab hnub no yog xam tias yog ib tug nyiam txheej txheem ntawm lub masters.

graphics

Nws ua ke ntau yam ntawm cov kos duab. Graphic nruab nrab yog cov duab dav hlau. Nws combines nqus, kuj ywj siab cheeb tsam, thiab cov luam ntawv crafts. Cov no muaj xws ntau hom arts and crafts. Qhov no ntoo engraving (woodcut), hlau (etching), cov duab los qhia thiab lwm tus neeg. Txhua daim duab yog cim thiab ib tug ntawm ib tug zoo. Graphic printing tej hauj lwm tej zaum yuav tsum tau theej, dua nyob rau hauv lub prints - sib npaug luam. Ntxiv mus, txhua stamp yuav yog tus thawj, tab sis tsis yog ib tug daim ntawv ntawm thawj daim duab. Tus naj npawb yog raws li tag nrho cov hom ntawm graphics thiab ntau lwm yam kev kos duab. Yuav kom tsim ib tug duab sau yog feem ntau es yooj yooj yim kiag li lawm: ib tug xaum thiab ib daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam mob, tej zaum nws yuav siv tau sophisticated cov khoom thiab tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej: lub printing xovxwm, cutters, lithographic pob zeb thiab lwm yam. Lub ntsiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia ntawm graphics ua contour bar, kab, cov laus thiab cov stain. Cais, tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm ib tug dawb daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv. Muaj ntau tus sau phau ntawv tau nrhiav kev qhia, kev siv tsuas yog ib qho dub. Ib thaj tsam uas yeej muaj nyob ntawm kos thiab painting, heev zwj ceeb. Feem ntau watercolor hom kev kawm, pastels, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, gouache, suav hais tias yog ib tug, rau lwm yam kev kawm. Cov no yog cov cais graphics qhia raws li ib tug ntawv loj loj, computer tsim, phau ntawv tsim. Posters yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam kev muaj tiag thiab piv txwv ib qho tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm. Tej zaum lawv yuav ua si, kev nom kev tswv, advertising, kev lom zem, kev kawm ntawv thiab lwm yam. Lub graphics yog siv thiab ib co crafts. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, xws li postcards, hnab ntawv, daim ntawv qhia hnub, thiab tshaj.

duab puab

Txij ancient sij hawm, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kos duab. Ib tug ntawm cov hiob chaw xam tau tias yog puab. Tus heev lub npe muaj Latin. Nyob rau hauv tus neeg txhais lus ntawm cov lo lus "puab" txhais tau tias "carving", "sculpting". Hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog siv ib tug ntau ntawm lwm yam. Yog hais tias peb tham txog dab tsi hom ntawm cov kos duab yog peb-dimensional thiab peb-dimensional, yog thawj zaug uas yuav tsum tau hais tias hais txog cov duab puab. Nws muaj xws li reliefs, busts, statues thiab tshaj. Cov duab puab yog muab faib ua ob hom: cov khoom nyob dawb nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab txaus siab rau ib tug dav hlau. Cov yav tas muaj xws li high nyem thiab bas-relief. Sij hawm ntawm cov duab puab kuj yuav sib txawv. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav tsum yog ib tug monumental, easel. Nyias faib me me sculptural cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li rau ib hom ntawv nyeem, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg, xws li lub tsev, portrait, keeb kwm, thiab lwm yam animalistic. Siv cov sculptured txhais tau tias yuav sis tus tseem lub neej los yog toj roob hauv pes. Txawm li cas los, lub ntsiab yam khoom yog suav tias yog ib tug neeg. Cov neeg portrayed nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav tsum yog ib tug bust, lub taub hau, statuary, pej thuam. Raws li rau technology, nws yog heev thiab muaj ntau yam cov kauj ruam. Cov khoom siv ntoo, pob zeb thiab lwm yam khoom tshuaj. By txiav tawm tus tshaj cov khoom yog tsim.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov duab no yog tau thiab los ntawm kev siv ib lub hnab yas loj. Qhov no yog hu ua yas (molding). Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub siv ciab, av nplaum, av nplaum, thiab lwm yam raws li ib tug khoom. Tsim thiab sculptures los ntawm casting los ntawm tshuaj muaj peev xwm mus hloov los ntawm cov kua rau khoom hauv lub xeev. Tej ntaub ntawv, piv txwv li, xws li pob zeb, plaster, yas. Siv nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm sculptures thiab hlau. Nws yog kho nrog welding, stamping, txiav, forging.

architecture

Tham txog dab tsi cov kawm Askiv yog, kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau them mus rau lub architecture. Architecture muaj lub peev xwm los qhia nyob rau hauv cov dluab ntawm tib neeg lub tswv yim hais txog lub ntiaj teb no, greatness, lub sij hawm, kev ua koob tsheej, kev xyiv fab, kev kho siab thiab thiaj li nyob. Nws yog yog li ntawd feem ntau xa mus rau raws li architecture frozen music. kws kes duab vajtse txoj hauj lwm yog los xyuas kom meej tsis tau tsuas yog lub dag lub zog thiab zoo chaw, tab sis kuj zoo nkauj zoo. Muaj ntau ntau architectural currents. Tsis yog txhua tus paub lub npe ntawm ib daim duab daim ntawv uas yog txuam nrog rau cov creation thiab txua dua ntawm lub nroog. Qhov no kev coj ntawm lub nroog loj hlob. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv architecture cais toj roob hauv pes tsim. Raws li ib feem ntawm qhov no sib yog cov txuas hniav, chaw, stairs lub vaj, chaw ua si, boulevards, gazebos, nyob rau hauv luv luv, txhua yam uas yog siv los tsim cov chaw uas zoo heev. Zoo tsim kev tsim kho ua hauj lwm ntim. Cov no muaj xws tej hom vaj tse: muaj, thaj, pej xeem, kev cai dab qhuas thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv txhua lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm los nrog sib txawv thiab zoo tuaj siv hom kev kawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Vim lub xeev ntawm cov kos duab nrog iav, pob zeb ua, yas thiab lwm yam raw cov ntaub ntawv yog txawv txawv lug, uas tsis yog-neej ntawd hais configuration: nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom, paj, zoo li, pob ntseg, thiab lwm yam qwj.

architectural cov cuab yeej

Lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav apportioned, atherosclerosis, teev, yas tagnrho. Tsis tas li ntawd kuj zoo kawg thiab tseem ceeb yog cov xim thiab cov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm lub chaw. Lub architecture yog tsim mus raws li lub tswv yim zoo sib ntawm lub sij hawm. Nws zoo li tus nws tog yog txawv los ntawm cov pa siv. Architects tsim rau cov neeg thiab lawv livelihoods qhov chaw, nyob rau lub artistic lub koom haum. Ntiaj teb nto moo vaj tse thiab ntaus uake ntaus nqi raws li cov cim ntawm ib tug neeg lub zos thiab lub teb chaws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Paris, nws yog - lub Eiffel Tower, Tim lyiv teb chaws - pyramid nyob rau hauv Athens - lub Acropolis, nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos - lub Colosseum, nyob rau hauv Moscow - Liab Square thiab lub Kremlin.

Hom ntawm cov suab paj nruas kos duab

Hu nkauj yog suav hais tias yog thawj thiab feem ntau ancient cheeb tsam ntawm creativity. Nws muaj ntau hom ntawm pej xeem kos duab. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov ditties, ballads, lullabies, thiab tshaj. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, hom ntawm pej xeem kos duab yuav ua ke nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm "lus dab neeg". Cov lwm qhov chaw nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau hauv lub instrumental ua si. Nws yuav siv sij hawm li tsawg npaum li cas qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag tshaj suab. Suffice cheeb tsam yog xav kom lub suab qw hu nkauj. Qhov no collective kev ua tau zoo ntawm tej hauj lwm. Lub suab qw hu nkauj yog ib qho zoo tagnrho chaw rau pe hawm Vajtswv, festivals, theatrical txheej xwm. Nws twb npaj kom ntxiv dag zog cov neeg nyob rau hauv lawv cov zoo tshaj plaws zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj nqis ntsoov teev yog cov kev taw qhia raws li chamber music. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus tso kev (suab los yog instrumental) los ntawm ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg leeg. Symphonic music yog tsim los rau orchestras. Ntawm nws cov ntsiab lwm yam yuav tsum tau ua lub Overture, suite, Symphony.

Opera - lwm suab paj nruas coj. Nws yuav seev thiab vocals. Opera yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog ib tug ua si, uas ob tog yog hu. Nws yog ib tug ua ke ntawm peb hais: cov lus, suab paj nruag thiab theem kev txiav txim. Lwm hom suab paj nruas kos duab yog tus neeg dhia tes. Nws yuav siv seev cev thiab instrumental tiav. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb, raws li, tseeb, thiab nyob rau hauv lub opera, lub neeg dhia tes muaj scenery.

abstracting

Luv luv piav saum toj no, muaj ib co hom ntawm cov kos duab. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov no tsis yog ib qho exhaustive daim ntawv teev cov chaw ntawm creativity. Tom ntej no, xav txog ib co ntawm cov hom kev kawm los ntawm kev uas lub creation ntawm muaj tswv yim ntaub ntawv. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab txoj kev xav yog suav tias yog ib qho abstraction. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, feem ntau ntau daim ntawv txiav txim thiab cov tswv yim. Yog hais tias koj kov lub hniav arts, ces muaj yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm abstraction stylization ntawm tej yam ntuj tso, tej yam ntuj tso dluab. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib co artistic taw tau tsim los ntawm kev tsim, txawv qhov tawm qhov tseeb kom. Lawv li tau hais rau hauv kev tshawb ntawm muaj kuab lub koom haum ntawm cov dluab nyob rau hauv kev tsim qauv thiab architecture. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus ua hauj lwm ntawm Malevich. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub artistic kev ua si yog muab sau tas li xub ntiag ntawm abstraction.

Hom ntawm yeej nyob rau hauv kos duab: realism

Nyob rau hauv ib tug broad kev txiav txim zoo, lub tswvyim ntawm kos duab yog - ib tug yeej muaj tseeb, qhia ntawv thiab cov hom phiaj xav mus xav ntawm qhov tam sim no muaj tiag. Rau lub hom phiaj no tej cuab yeej xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam ntawm creativity. Ib tug ntau feature ntawm realism yog suav tias yog txhim khu kev qha thaum uas ua si tiag. Nyob rau hauv no kos duab, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog muaj mus rau ib tug ntau ntawm txawv kev txawj ntse txoj kev, hom kev kawm ntawm generalization, thiaj tshwm sim.

avant-garde

Nyob rau hauv kos duab, nws lub sij lub tswvyim ntawm kev kawm, kev sim thawj kauj ruam. Txhua era yog cim los ntawm tus emergence ntawm txoj kev tshwm sim, tab sis lub sij hawm nws tus kheej yog nrees tsim xwb nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm muaj xws hom ntawm cov kos duab, zoo li Cubism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Futurism thiab lwm yam. ntau nta yuav qhia nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm lub avant-garde. Feem ntau qhov no yog ib tug ncaim lub classic kev cai ntawm daim duab, daim ntawv deformation, kev ua si hloov dua siab tshiab, qhia thiab thiaj li nyob. Tag nrho cov no yuav pab tau plooj rau ib thaj tsam ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab kos duab.

underground

Cov tswvyim no yog kho raws li ib tug "underground" kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws tawm tsam kos duab kev txwv thiab cov rooj sib txoos pa kos duab. Trade qhia tau hais tias feem ntau yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub qhov thiab cov khw txiav, thiab nyob rau hauv lub subway, subways, nyob rau hauv cov av. Nyob rau hauv Russia, hu ua lub underground zej zog, sawv cev rau kev kos duab.

niaj hnub

Cov tswvyim no yog ib tug collective los ntawm lub newest tiam sis, cov tsev kawm ntawv, yeej thiab cov kev ua ub ntawm ib tug neeg ntxias nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Nws yog nyob ze nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus mus rau lub avant-garde. Modernism twb soj ntsuam heev tsis zoo los ntawm kev kos duab nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era. Nws twb ntshai raws li ib tug manifestation ntawm lub ntsoog ntawm bourgeois kab lis kev cai.

kev tig tau creativity

Qhov no sib yog txuam nrog rau cov kev siv cov dynamic, tsiv ntsiab thiab lug. Raws li ib qho kev ywj kos duab kinetism coj zoo nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov fifties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nws twb preceded by thwmsim rau lub creation ntawm ib tug dynamic duab puab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab constructivism. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm immemorial, folk kos duab pom kuaj ntawm tsiv cov khoom ua si thiab tej khoom. Raws li ib qho piv txwv muaj peev xwm pab tau raws li ib tug noog ntawm kev zoo siab los ntawm cov Arkhangelsk cheeb tsam, simulating cov ua hauj lwm cov txheej txheem ntawm ib lub cov neeg kho tshuab qho khoom ua si. Bogorodskoye. Feem ntau kinetism tsim muaj ib qho illusion ntawm lub zog los ntawm txoj kev hloov teeb pom kev zoo tej yam kev mob. Hom kev kawm ntawm no kos duab daim ntawv yog dav siv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm Workers discos, fairs, miv, thaum koj ua ib tug pej xeem sab hauv, chaw ua si thiab squares. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub compositions ntawm tsom iav siv.

Niaj hnub nimno qhia hom kev kawm

• Hyperrealism. Qhov no qauv nyob rau hauv cov duab puab thiab painting sawv nyob rau hauv America nyob rau hauv lub 70s ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Masters tsim ib yam li ib tug yees duab nyob rau hauv canvas. Xwm raws li ib tug niaj hnub nroog: tsheb teeb thiab ib tug subway chaw nres tsheb, kav qhov rais, passers-by rau ntawm txoj kev, thaj vaj tse. Kev mloog yog them rau qhov no ci ntsa iab xav txee (yas, iav, polishing , etc.).
• Reidy-tub txib. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov hom kev kawm ntawm avant-garde kos duab. Nws essence yog tias ntawm ib txwm tsev neeg tej yam kev mob lov tus kwv uas muaj ntau lawm thiab tshaaj nyob rau hauv ib tug gallery los yog exhibition nrog. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev no yog lus dag nyob rau hauv kev hloov lub xaav ntawm ib tug kwv nyob rau hauv ib qho txawv qhov teeb meem no rau nws.
• Installation. Qhov no spatial muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog tsim los ntawm txawv hais. Nyob rau hauv kev, siv cov khoom, khoom hauv tsev, tej yam ntuj tso khoom, cov ntaub ntawv, nrig txog kev pom lossis cov ntawv luam ntaub ntawv. Thaum tej yam txawv ob peb ua ke ntawm zoo tib yam tej yam kev kawm muab ib tug piv txwv txog lub ntsiab lus. Zoo nkauj cov ntsiab lus sib dag nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si semantic qhov tseem ceeb, uas hloov nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas tus kwv nyob - nyob rau hauv lub tso rau neeg pom nrog los yog cov ib txwm domestic ib puag ncig rau nws.
• Environnement. Qhov no qhov chaw, es nws kim heev muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws npog tus tuav yog zoo li tus tiag tiag ib puag ncig. Environnement nruab nrab yog ib tug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yam ntxwv rau avant 60-70th. XX caug xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Art yeej ib txwm tau nyob rau hauv tune nrog lub sij hawm. Nws qhia lub ntiaj teb no kev raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kos duab rau muaj peev xwm heev feem xyuam rau txoj masses ntawm cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas, loj tseem ceeb yog cov cwj pwm ntawm cov creator. Lub keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov kos duab yog lossi hloov, nrog nyob muaj teeb meem. Nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm muaj ib tug nriaj ntawm influences, tiam sis, cov laus lub tswv yim nrog qualitatively tshiab tawm ces. Cuaj kaum, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub variability nyob rau hauv ib muab lub sij hawm, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kos duab muaj ib tug kuj ruaj khov nta: yas, puas, atherosclerosis, thiab lwm yam coloristic, defining hauv cov style ntawm ib tug lub sij hawm.