Yeasts xa mus rau fungi ntawm lub department ntawm dab tsi? Poov xab: qauv, hom

Qhov tseeb hais tias yeasts yog fungi yog tej zaum paub rau ntau. Thiab ua li cas hais txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub nceeg vaj? Nws yog lub npe hu tias poov belongs rau fungi ntawm Ascomycetes thiab Basidiomycetes. Qhov no txhais li cas? Cia peb sim paub nws tawm ua ke.

Poov xab - nceb

Thiab cov fungi yog unicellular. Lawv poob mycelium los ntawm kev hloov evolutionary, raws li lawv ntseeg hais tias, nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev hloov mus rau hauv tsev nyob rau hauv cov kua substrates uas muaj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem thiab txaus siab heev rau lub neej kev ua ntawm cov kab mob no. Tag nrho cov poov xab yog li ntawm 1,500 hom. Tag nrho cov yeasts yog unicellular nceb.

Qhov ntev

Cov qoob loo cais tawm ntawm cov kabmob no nce mus txog 7 μm inch, tab sis qee qhov loj tuaj rau 40 μm. Txawm li cas los, ib co poov xab tseem tsim rau cov theem ntawm lub neej voj voog ntawm lub mycelium, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub - thiab lub fruiting lub cev. Tam sim no, piv txwv li, tus neeg ua mov ci cov poov xab yog thawj eukaryotes uas nws tau pom thiab cim tau qhov genome.

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Cov kab no yog nceb, "tsiaj" los ntawm tib neeg, thiab twb ntev tas los. Lawv tau ntev tau siv rau lub xyoo txheeb rau cov hom phiaj ua noj: ci, tsim kom muaj kev mob rau kev fermentation. Twb tau nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab, obviously, kev siv cov poov xab. Thiab nyob hauv qee lub teb chaws nyob hauv huab cua qub, nrog rau kev tshiab tshiab (piv txwv li, matzah los yog lavash), cov qhob cij poov xab kuj tau txais qhov tseem ceeb. Brewer lub poov xab yog lub npe hu mus rau lub Egyptians ntau tshaj li rau txhiab xyoo dhau los, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm cov kab mob, cov neeg siav no foamy haus.

Interestingly, rau cov nplooj ntoo tshiab hauv ntau liaj teb los ntawm olden zaug siv cov seem ntawm cov laus. Yog li, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, muaj ib qho kev xaiv ntawm poov, muaj cov tsiaj uas tsis tshwm sim hauv cov qus. Muaj coob tus ntseeg tej hom ntawm cov poov xab khoom heev dua lwm yam tib neeg kev ua si (xws li, ntau ntau yam ntawm cultivated cereals: nplej, rye thiab lwm yam).

Zymology

Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm science uas piav thiab kawm txog lub neej thiab kev ua ntawm cov kab mob no. Yeasts xa rau cov kab mob hu ua fungi, lawv cov kab lis kev cai ntshiab yog thawj zaug cais nyob rau hauv 1881 hauv Denmark, thiab xyoo 1883 nws yog twb siv rau npij ntau lawm. Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau tsim ib qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov poov xab, thiab nyob rau hauv xyoo pua 20th cov khoom sau thiab cov neeg txiav txim siab ntawm kev paub txog kab lis kev cai tshwm. Poov yog hais txog cov kab mob hu ua Ascomycete department mus txog nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo dhau los. Zaum soj ntsuam lawv tus me nyuam kev voj voog, generalizing raws li ib tug taxonomic pab pawg neeg (nceb marsupials). Tab sis nyob rau hauv Nyij Pooj, ib qho ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm vim ntxias reproduction thiab poov-basidiomycetes. Yog li, kws lij choj tau los xaus rau hais tias cov poov xab ntsev (duab hauv qab no) tau tsim rau thaum lub sij hawm evolution ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ob pawg ntawm lub nceeg vaj (ascomycetes thiab basidiomycetes). Cov ntaub ntawv kuj tau lees paub los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb txog roj ntsha molecular ntawm cov kab mob. Lawv tsis yog taxon, tab sis, feem ntau yuav, ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb lub neej.

Ascomycetes thiab Basidiomycetes

Yog li, cov poov xab yog hais txog cov kab mob hu ua Ascomycete thiab Basidiomycetes (ntau dua li ob qho chaw sib txawv). Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ib tug sub-lub nce ntawm nceb nceb. Koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv raws li tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub neej mus thiab lwm cov cim qhia: cov tub koom xeeb hauv DNA, qhov muaj qhov urease. Ascomycetes, los yog marsupials - chav haujlwm kho kom haum, uas muaj txog li peb caug txhiab tsiaj (los ntawm txoj kev, tag nrho cov kev paub txog truffles muaj rau lub tuam tsev no, nrog rau kev cai lij choj thiab kev sib tsoo). Ntawm tag nrho - thiab poov, uas yog xam cov kws tshawb fawb ib zaug dua unicellular tej yam me muaj sia.

Habitat

Feem ntau cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas muaj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv suab thaj - substrates nyob rau saum npoo ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab berries, nplooj. Lawv muaj peev xwm noj cov khoom ntawm lub neej cog: nectar, secretions, mob juices. Tsis txhob disdain thiab tuag phytomass. Lawv tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv cov av qeeg los ntawm cov organic teeb meem, thiab nyob rau hauv ntuj dej masses. Qee cov yeasts muaj nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv ntawm kab uas pub rau ntoo. Ib tug ntau poov thiab nyob rau nplooj uas cuam tshuam los ntawm aphids.

Daim ntawv thov

Qee hom kev coj ntawm cov poov xab tau ntev ntev rau hauv kev xav ua noj ua haus, ua cov hmoov nplej thiab ua cawv cawv. Kvass, qhob cij, npias, caw tsis tuaj yeem tsis muaj cov pab me me. Tag nrho cov no yeasts, paub txog noob neej rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, mus rau fungi ntawm lub Department Ascomycete. Rau cov zus tau los ntawm cov cawv muaj zog lawv tau txuam nrog distillation ntawm lub fermentation theem. Nim no tej co kab mob hauv cov paj no siv ntau yam ntawm biotechnologies: kev tsim cov roj thiab cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus. Thiab hauv kev tshawb fawb lawv siv los ua kev sim kev cai rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws kho mob.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Ci siv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lub npe hu ua neeg ua mov ci. Lawv tsim fermented dej xwm, tej qhov tsw thiab aroma ntawm cov mov cov khoom (cawv, tom qab, thaum lub sij hawm lub ci txheej txheem suab). Tsis tas li ntawd, carbon dioxide, uas cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub loj, ua rau lub mov paj mus rau sawv, muab qhov kev xeem porosity thiab softness.
• Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, poov haiv neeg tsim tsim ib txwm rau grape berries, uas yuav pom raws li whitish quav hniav. Tab sis qhov tseeb wine poov xab yog Saccharomyces cerevisiae, uas yog tsawg ntawm cov pawg. Nws yog qhov no ntau yam uas yog siv rau feem ntau cov feem rau ua wine khoom. Vim tias cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ua cov suab thaj uas muaj kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov ethanol ua rau, thiab cov poov xab nrog cov neeg kawm tau degenerates. Thiab yuav tsim champagne, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tiav lawm fermented pheej, ntxiv cov poov xab culture.
• Nyob rau hauv brewing siv germinated grain ntawm barley (malt), thiab cov poov xab thiab fermenting hauv qab. Malt yog grinded, boiled, tov nrog dej thiab fermented, siv Saccharomyces cerevisiae los yog lwm yam poov. Kvass yog ua rau tib yam nkaus, tab sis ntxiv rau cov poov xab, lactobacilli kuj tau siv.
• Cov lus hais ua ke, tau siv ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev lag luam, koom rau hauv detachment ntawm Ascomycete nceb. Thiab nrov haus lub koom haum ntawm cov poov xab thiab cov kab mob, piv txwv li, kombucha los yog Tibetan mushroom. Lawv muaj ntau yam khoom siv rau tib neeg lub cev, thiab niaj hnub siv cov dej no tiv thaiv txhua yam kab mob ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab lwm yam hauv nruab nrog cev.