Xyoo 1687. Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy: keeb kwm, kev piav qhia thiab nthuav tseeb

Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (1687) yog thawj dua tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws yog tsim los nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab lasted kom txog thaum 1814 Xav txog ntxiv li cas yuav muab lub Greco-Slavic-Latin Academy.

zaj dabneeg

Lub initiators yog cov kws sau paj lug, kawm Simeon ntawm Polotsk thiab Sylvester Medvedev - nws cov thwj tim. 2 xyoo ua ntej qhov kev tuag ntawm cov thawj sau ntawv "Academic cib fim" - founding charter. Nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub tswv yim mus tsim kom muaj lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev cob qhia cov ntsiab lus thiab yav tom ntej txoj cai tsev tau lawm tias. Tus foundations ntawm lub Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, raws li Polotsky tso cai los npaj rau lub kawm cov neeg ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov kev pab cuam civil.

Kev kawm cov kev npaj

Thaum lub academy, nws xav tias Polotsk, tau qhia Polish, Latin, Greek thiab Slavic lus, "xya mas kev kawm" (piitika nrog rhetoric, cov qauv sau ntawv, astronomy, suab paj nruag, geometry, dialectics, philosophy) thiab kev ntseeg. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov xib fwb yuav muaj ciaj ciam heev dua lwm yam rau lub rector - "zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg saib xyuas", raws li zoo raws li lub patriarch, tab sis tsis yog tus tsoos tsev hais plaub. Yog li, nws tsim nyob rau ib hom ntawm tsev kawm ntawv autonomy. Kev kawm ntawv yog yuav tsum tau free. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv scholarship yog yuav tsum tau tsa, thiab cov laus kws qhia ntawv - laus.

Polotsk piav li cas rau Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Nws qhia hais tias lub tsev yuav tsum tau tso txoj kev ncaj ncees pov thawj los qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv hwm lub purity ntawm kev cai dab qhuas cov tswv yim. Lub zog ntawm cov Academy ntawm Polotsk cov lwm yam muaj lub txij nkawm ntawm censorship, txoj cai txiav txim rau cov apostate. Cov kev pab raws qib ntawm lub tsev yuav tsum tau muaj xws li saib xyuas dej num ntawm lwm cov tsev kawm ntawv, thiab qhia tom tsev. Lub homphiaj ntawm lub Academy yog yuav tsum tau muab rau tus Greek lus, uas tau sau cov feem ntau ntawm cov liturgical phau ntawv.

Tsim smoothing

Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub Epiphany thiab Printing Schools. Tus thawj xib fwb los ua kwv tij Sophrony thiab Ioakim Lihudy. Nrog rau cov advisory ntawm Merit ntawm lub Eastern yawg suab, lawv qhia tshwj xeeb uas tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Moscow. Cov kwv tij muaj ib tug encyclopedic paub tau cov kws kho mob Kottonianskoy Academy. Sophronius thiab Joachim tau muab tag nrho cov kev siv zog mus tsim ib tug ntau dua ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev kawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tsuas yog 2 xyoo tom qab kev tuag ntawm Polotsk nws "Tes" (lub founding daim ntawv ntawm lub Academy) tau txais txoj cai ces Fedorom Alekseevichem. Peb xyoos tom qab lub tsev kawm ntawv tau txais cov koob hmoov ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Patriarch.

Tus thawj cov chav kawm

Lawv pib nyob rau hauv 1685, thawj thawj zaug lawv tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub Epiphany Monastery. Cov kwv tij Likhud kawm chiv tsuas Greek. Lawv tom qab txhab qhov kev kawm ntawv thiab muab tso rau hauv nws rhetoric. Qhov kawg ntawm 1866 nws pib qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Tag nrho cov-Merciful Cawm Seej Monastery, uas yog hu ua Zaikonospassky (rau ntawm qhov chaw - rau icon tom ntej no mus rau nws). Likhud cov kwv tij tau tsiv mus rau ib lub tsev tshiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1687. Lub Slavic Greek Latin Academy yuav muab cov thawj lub sij hawm peb cov chav kawm ntawv: sab sauv, nruab nrab thiab qis. Ua ntej, lawv kawm 104 neeg. Ib xyoo tom qab, tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawv 163, thiab nyob rau hauv 1689-m - 182.

kev kawm

Hoob no yuav pib nrog ib tug preparatory chav kawm ntawv. Nws tau raug hu lub Lavxias teb sab lub tsev kawm ntawv. Thaum nws kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv kis. Cov tom ntej no hauv chav kawm ntawv - Tsev kawm ntawv Phau Ntawv Greek Vaj Lug Kub - lawv kawm Latin, Slavic thiab Greek tsab ntawv. Tom qab hais tias, cov menyuam kawm ntawv pib mus kawm ntawv lwm yam kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem cov hoob kawm qhia kev ntseeg, dialectic, rhetoric, physics. Cov kwv tij Likhud ib leeg sau tag nrho cov phau ntawv rau cov kawm. Rau lawv tau coj ib tug qauv ntawm kev kawm ntawv phau ntawv ntawm European universities. Cov phau ntawv twb muaj tej hauj lwm ntawm Democritus, Aristotle, Campanella. Peb qhia lawv cov piv txwv ntawm Theological phau ntawv thiab kev sau ntawv tej hauj lwm.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg cov tub ntxhais kawm

Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy coj tus xeeb ntxwv muaj ntau ntau tsev neeg. Raws li tus tub ntawm sib raug zoo, cov neeg ua lag luam, cov tub yuav poj niam yuav ua tau ib tug neeg nyob ze ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj pab rau tus menyuam siab qib los yog txawm tias ib tug noble None. Lub tsev kawm ntawv yog fundamentally sib txawv los ntawm tus so, noj me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv caste kab. Dhau li Lavxias teb sab tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1687, lub Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy qhia Belarusians, Ukrainians, cov neeg los ntawm lub tebchaws no,, Moldovans, Lithuanians, ua kevcai raus dej Tatars, Georgians. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov menyuam kawm ntawv yog txawm tias ib tug hauv Makadaunias. Laus cov tub ntxhais kawm qhia tus yau, thiab li dag zog rau lub thawj xib fwb. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov tseem ceeb heev hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tsis adhered mus rau lub Estates, cov nyiaj pab tau txais ntau yam me nyuam kawm ntawv.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua twb cim los ntawm tsoom fwv kho ntawm Peter. Kov kho kom zoo thiab kev kawm ntawv system. Nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Academy pib ib lub tshiab rau theem. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov me nyuam kawm ntawv ntau zog rau 600, muaj cov xibfwb qhia ntawv, cov tsev qiv ntawv muaj tau txhab. Nyob rau hauv 1701, lub tsev twb pom cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xeev academy. Peter pib caw cov xib fwb los ntawm Lviv thiab Kiev, vim hais tias lawv muaj ib lub tswv yim hais txog cov system ntawm Western European kev kawm ntawv. Lub ntsiab lus pib hais lus Latin. Lub caij ntawm kev tshawb no yog teem rau ntawm 12-15 xyoo. Qhov xwm ntawm txoj kev kawm yog los ze zog mus rau lub Western European system. Tam sim no lub Academy ua tsis tau tsuas yog kws tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj cov kws kho mob, neeg txhais lus, civil tub qhe.

ntxiv cov kev hloov

Muaj ntau cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis tiav lawv txoj kev kawm mus rau ib tug ntau dua cov chav kawm ntawv, thiab tom qab thawj xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob, engineering, kev ua lej hauv tsev kawm ntawv, vim hais tias lawv paub Latin. Cov me nyuam los ntawm cov neeg pluag tsev neeg pib xa txawv teb chaws. Muaj lawv tau qhia Persian, Turkish, Arabic, thiab "txawj science", uas tau kawm thaum lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Nyob rau hauv academy pib hais lus nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Nrog kev tso cai los ntawm lub Synod, saws nyob rau hauv 1721, lub tsev pib coj neeg txawv teb chaws. Lawv equated nrog Lavxias teb sab cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Nyob rau hauv 1708 thiab 1710. 2 ntawm txoj cai twb muab. Cov ntaub ntawv muab rau cov me nyuam ntawm clerics kawm nyob rau hauv "Latin thiab Greek cov tsev kawm ntawv", thiab tsuas yog nyob rau lawv kawg lawv yuav suav tau rau ib sab ntsuj plig mas. Txawm li cas los, cov hluas yog tsis zoo siab nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, txij li thaum 1721 lub Synod demanded receipts los ntawm cov pov thawj hais tias lawv cov me nyuam yuav kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv.

Lub Academy yog tsis yog nrov ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg, vim hais tias nws yog ib tug heev heev ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm cov neeg pluag tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv 1729 ib nrab ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau cov me nyuam ntawm cov tub rog. Muaj ntau cov tub ntxhais kawm - cov neeg los ntawm cov neeg muaj mus khwv tau nyiaj muab rau lawv tus kheej lub hwj chim. Cov tib txoj hmoo befell tus poj M. V. Lomonosova. Tsis pub dhau tsib xyoo nws nyob suab starving, tab sis cov kev cob qhia yog tsis poob. Tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo cov me nyuam ntawm cov tswv teb rov qab mus rau tus tswv tsev. Txij li thaum 1277 cov neeg nres noj cov academy.

nthuav lus tseeb

Uas ua los ntawm lub xyoo 1687 lub Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy yog tus tshaj plaws uas nws kim heev sau los ntawm cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Cov kev tswj ntawm lub chaw nkaus nyob rau hauv perpetual usufruct twb pauv mus rau State Library. Lub academy yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab ua yeeb yam yog tsim los pab. Lub hauv paus ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv lub vajvoog tso, nyob rau hauv uas Simeon ntawm Polotsk teem daim "O Nebuchadnezzar," "Tus Tub Loj Leeb."

Cov thawj nom kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ua yeeb yam academy twb muaj nyob rau hauv 1701, nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis. Lub troupe muab tso rau lub ua yeeb yam ntawm lub Moo Zoo zaj lus piv txwv uas qhia txog Laxalau thiab cov nplua nuj. Los ntawm lub xyoo no lub ua yeeb yam tau los ua ib tug kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib tug secular zej zog. Nyob rau hauv 1705 Feofan Prokopovich staged tragicomedy "Vladimir". Ob xyoos ua ntej lawm, nws coj cov kev ua si, pom tias yog ib lub brightest nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ua yeeb yam academy. Staging yog ib tug qhia ua thiab twb mob siab rau noj Noteburga Petrom. Nyob rau hauv cov kev ua si ua tsov ua rog twb portrayed raws li ib tug nriaj "Lavxias teb sab Mars" nrog kev phem rog. Cov yav tas twb txhais ua dluab "tavrikiyskoy hli" thiab "Swedish tsov ntxhuav". Formulation tiav triumphal nkag "Lavxias teb sab Mars."

Vaj tse nyob rau hauv Moscow

Vaj tse uas tsis muaj tsev nyob tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1687 lub Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, tau txais tus txheej xwm ntawm ib tug architectural monument ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm restructuring ntawm thaj av hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub tsev tau txais ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev raug mob. Nyob rau hauv 2009, lub cuab yeej cuab tam Committee advocated rau hloov lwm lub tsev chaw Academy nyob rau hauv lub monastic feature uas muaj ua ntej lawm. Qhov no twb tau teev los ntawm tus tswj ntawm lub cev - Valery Shevchuk.