Nws yog xim hlau daim ntawv cog lus

Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj tsevneeg electron ceev, uas Ameslikas tau koom rau cov kev sib txawv atoms, lawv rov muaj yais tawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Tsawg xav interacting nrog cov sab nraud tub ntxhais qib electrons. Hais tias lawv ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj bonds. Lub electrons uas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no yog hu ua valence. Tab sis nws muaj ib tug tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus - valence. Thaum lub p- thiab s-Cheebtsam yog lwm valence electrons nyob rau hauv d-hais - kawg (lwm) s- penultimate thiab d-electrons. Muaj atoms ntau dua los yog tsawg ruaj khov. Cov yav tas muaj xws li cov neeg txheej txheej uas muaj lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm electrons (ob thiab yim). Qhov no theem yog suav tias yog tiav. Tiav lawm ntau yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau dua lub zog. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm atoms ntawm lub noble gases, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov uas nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob ntawm lawv tus mob yog ib tug monatomic inert roj.

Rau lwm atomic ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsis tas ua ntau. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim kom tiav theem ntawm lwm qhov tseem ceeb. Cov mus txog los yog tej yam, los yog tas li ntawd ntawm electrons. Tiav ntau ntau yuav tsum qhia rau txoj kev ua officers. Cov kev pab mus rau tsim ntawm lub ob yam loj yam ntawm kev sib txuas lus: ionic thiab covalent. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov molecule, li no, cov atoms yog sim kom tau ib tug ruaj khov electron plhaub (txheej) los yog vosmielektronnuyu los yog ob-electron. Qhov no txawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj bonds. tsim los ntawm ua kom tiav cov valence ntawm tus txheej txheej nyob rau hauv lub duas paub atoms yog nrog los ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tseem ceeb cov nqi ntawm lub zog. Cov tsim tshuaj tsevneeg, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, yeej ib txwm hais exothermically, vim lub fact tias cov molecules tshwm sim (tshiab hais), uas muaj ib tug ntau dua stability nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob.

Raws li ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntsuas uas xyuas seb qhov kev sib txuas lus, ua electronegativity. Nws yog ib lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug atom nyiam electrons ntawm lwm yam atoms. Electronegativity hloov tshwm sim maj. Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm lub system nqi ntawm no Performance index nce ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Txo cov tib qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pab pawg downwards. Los ntawm covalent tebchaw xws li cov tsim los ntawm txoj kev ua ib losis tswvyim dabtsi (tag nrho) electron officers.

muaj ib tug nws yog xim hlau tshuaj bonds nyob rau hauv cov kua, khoom nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Raws li rau txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system, lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv lo lus nug atoms muaj ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov valence electrons (ib mus rau peb). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv muab sau, thiab tsis muaj zog "electron detachment" (ionization). Yog li ntawd, nws yog xim hlau daim ntawv cog lus - nws yog ib tug tsis muaj zog kev twb kev txuas. Lub electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug atom yog muaj weakly, tuaj tawm yooj yim heev, thaum muaj lub sij hawm yuav tawm mus nyob ib ncig ntawm tus siv lead ua. Lub nws yog xim hlau daim ntawv cog lus yuav muaj atoms. Ib feem ntawm cov valence electrons endowed nrog lub peev xwm rau dawb zog nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, rau "electron roj". Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug metallic daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim. Muaj yog nws vim "socialization" valence electrons ntawm atoms. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias hlau daim ntawv cog lus muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv. Yog li, txoj kev ua nws cov electrons yuav tau tsiv mus nyob thoob plaws hauv lub ntim caij. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov hlau kis tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta. Nyob rau hauv kev, no muaj xws li ci, zoo hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility, malleability, thiab lwm tus neeg. Hlau ntsiab nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus yuav muab ib tug siab kuj resilience.