Uilyam Shekspir: xyoo ntawm lub neej, ib tug luv luv biography

Shakespeare ... Uilyam Shekspir! Leej twg tsis paub tias lub npe? Qhov loj tshaj playwright thiab kws sau paj lug, cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub British lub teb chaws, cov wealth ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb no. Qhov ntawd yog leej twg yog. Nws kuj zoo kawg tej hauj lwm muaj tau txhais ua lus feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub nrauv kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntau lub teb chaws. Yog qhov no tsis muaj ib tug lees txim?

Childhood.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Shakespeare, lub xyoo ntawm lub neej uas yog txawv nyob rau hauv ib txhia qhov chaw, tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1564. Lub caij nyoog hnub yog tseem tsis tau paub rau leej twg, vim tsis muaj documentary pov thawj tau pom. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hauv phau ntawv muaj ib hnub ntawm nws kev cai raus dej - Plaub Hlis Ntuj 26.

Nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm ces, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Stratford-thaum-Avon. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nws txiv yog Dzhon Shekspir, uas nws yog ib tug craftsman (koom nyob rau hauv hnav khaub ncaws hnab looj tes). Ib me ntsis tom qab, nws tau raug tsa Alderman, uas yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub taub hau ntawm lub zog los ua ke, thiab ces los ua lub taub hau ntawm lub nroog council.

John yog ib tug heev muaj myiaj txiv neej, raws li evidenced los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws yeej ib txwm them lossis loj nplua uas tsis yog-tuaj kawm ntawv nyob lub tsev teev ntuj kev pab. Muaj taug xaiv uas Shakespeare Sr. ib daim card Catholic.

Leej niam ntawm tus yav tom ntej playwright Mary Arden yog los ntawm ib tug laus thiab venerable Saxon haiv neeg.

Uilyam Shekspir (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1564-1616) muaj xya cov kwv tij thiab cov muam. Nws yog peb tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg.

cov tub ntxhais hluas

Vim tsis muaj lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Shakespeare tau dim, tus neeg tshawb fawb teem rau nws biography ib co khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Raws li lawv, nws kawm Shakespeare ntawm Stratford qauv sau ntawv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm King Edward lub Sixth, qhov uas nws kawm paj huam ntawm ancient sau phau ntawv.

Shakespeare (xyoo ntawm lub neej, saib. Saum toj no), nws yuav txiv thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm kaum yim. Nws xaiv yog tus ntxhais ntawm tus tswv av los ntawm lub npe ntawm Anne, dua li cev xeeb tub. Ob peb lub hlis tom qab sib yuav newlyweds muaj ib tug ntxhais hu ua Susan. Ob xyoos tom qab, cov menyuam ntxaib yug - ib tug tub thiab ib tug ntxhais Judith Hemnet.

Theatrical hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv London

Pib los ntawm 1585 (tom qab tau me nyuam), Shakespeare Yog tsis muaj ntaub ntawv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1592 nws txoj kev sab nyob rau hauv London, qhov twg nws ua hauj lwm nrog lub dag lub zog thiab lub ntsiab ua yeeb yam. Yog li, lub xya-xyoo lub sij hawm tau tsuas zoo los ntawm lub biography ntawm tus poj playwright. Tsis muaj leej twg lub soj ntsuam nrog ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm tsis hais dab tsi nws tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo Shakespeare.

Raws li sawv daws paub, nyob rau hauv dab tsi xyoo pua nws nyob Shakespeare ras xws tej qhov chaw yog tsis tsim nyog.

Los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv nws los ua npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv London William Shakespeare muab tso ntse. Tab sis ho rov, nws tsis yog tseeb, txij li thaum thaum nws pib sau ntawv rau lawv, nws pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub capital, thiab yog vim li cas nws yog ze rau qhov yeeb yam.

Lub troupe ntawm "Tub ntawm tus Tswv Chamberlain" muaj cov thawj txoj cai mus rau theem cov ua yeeb yam ntawm Shakespeare, vim hais tias nws yog muaj raws li ib tug actor, thiab tom qab ntawd los ua nws cov co-tswv. Tsis ntev, qhov no theatrical lub koom haum kuj yog ib qho ntawm feem nrov nyob rau hauv London.

Xyoo ntawm Shakespeare lub neej mus rau li niaj zaus. Nyob rau hauv 1603, nws lub tuam txhab lub npe hu ua "Tub ntawm tus huab tais," uas meant paub thiab creativity thoob plaws cov nom tswv cajceg.

Theatrical nrug kuj yog ib tug zoo poj, uas enabled lub troupe kom tau lawv tus kheej lub tsev. Tus tshiab ua yeeb yam tau npe hu ua "Globe". Tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoos ntawm cov ua yeeb yam tau yuav los ntawm "Blekfrayer". Shakespeare sai loj hlob nplua nuj, thiab tau tsis muaj daim card ntawm nws cov nqi. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txais lub thib ob-loj tshaj plaws lub tsev nyob rau hauv Stratford.

txawj ua ub no

Shakespeare, lub xyoo ntawm lub neej uas ntws inexorably, pib xav txog tus ntawv ntawm nws thawj. Tus thawj twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1594. Tab sis txawm tom qab nws tau los ua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv phau ntawv sau voj voog, mus ua si nyob rau hauv lub ua yeeb yam playwright tsis tau ceased. Nws yog nws tus me nyuam, nws yuav tsis tso tseg.

Tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm Shakespeare tus ua hauj lwm yog muab faib ua plaub theem:

1. Tus thawj thaum ntxov. Nws sau nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance comedy, Vaj Keeb Kwm, ob kwv huam, "raug xwm txheej ntawm ntshai heev".
2. Ob txhais. Muaj ib tug paub tab ua yeeb yam, antique daim, sonnets, chronicles ib tug ua txoj narrative.
3. Thib peb. Sau nyob rau hauv ancient qee, lub nyuaj siab, grim qee.
4. Plaub. Shakespeare tsim yeeb yam-taleas.

ua yeeb yam

Shakespeare (xyoo ntawm lub neej: 1564-1616) indisputably xam tau tias yog tus loj tshaj playwright ntawm txhua lub sij hawm. Thiab muaj tsis muaj ib lub npe nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no uas yuav sawv rau ntawm ib qho kev vaj huam sib footing nrog nws lub npe.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1590 tus nyob rau hauv ib tug txawj zam yog ib cov keeb kwm ua yeeb yam. Qhov no lub sij hawm muaj xws li cov kev ua si "Richard III" thiab "Henry lub Sixth."

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus txiav txim lub periodization ntawm cov creation ntawm ib qho hauj lwm, txij li thaum lawv tsis sau hnub tim los ntawm tus sau. Tab sis soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm creativity yog:

• "Ob tug Gentlemen ntawm Verona."
• "Lub Taming ntawm lub Shrew."
• "Tit Andronik."
• "Comedy ntawm raug".

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub sij hawm thaum ntxov yog yus mas farcical thiab ironic tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub thib ob theem qhov twg lub fore romantic tej hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, "midsummer Hmo ntuj tus npau suav," "Tus ua lag luam ntawm Venice."

Nrog txhua tshiab daim Shakespeare tus cim ua ntau thiab nthuav.

Thaum lub ncov ntawm creativity ntawm lub playwright muaj kev sau ntawv xwm txheej. Cov no muaj xws "Hamlet," "Othello," "King Lear."

Shakespeare nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo pua tag nrho ntawm lub sij hawm kom muaj tswv yim, cov embodiment ntawm lawv cov tswv yim, sau ib yam dab tsi tshiab, lub. Nyob rau hauv lub plays ntawm lub xeem lub sij hawm ntawm tus sau poetic kev txawj mus txog rau nws climax. Uas yog vim li cas lub suab xws dramas li "Antony thiab Cleopatra," "Coriolanus" yog suav tias yog zoo tagnrho.

Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias lub xov tooj ntawm plays ntawm Shakespeare tau sau nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog lwm txawj sau ntawv. Rau cov uas lub sij hawm nws yog ib tug li qub thiab qho xyaum.

"Romeo thiab Juliet"

Tej zaum qhov no yog lub npe nrov tshaj kev hlub zaj dabneeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Muaj ntau theatrical productions - tsis txhob suav, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm txhia yog tseem ciav (tshaj li tsib caug). Tab sis lub surprise tseem yog lub fact tias, txawm cov zaj uas lub centuries, cov dab neeg no tseem nphav tus ntsuj plig thiab ua rau peb xav txog qhov essence ntawm kev ua.

Lub cuab ntxhiab ntawm cov ua yeeb yam yeej paub tag nrho cov neeg uas tau nyeem. Qhov kev txiav txim yuav pib nyob rau hauv lub Italian nroog ntawm Verona. Nyob rau hauv dab tsi xyoo pua nws nyob Shakespeare, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no, thiab cov txheej xwm piav.

Montagues thiab Capulets - ob tsev neeg, uas sib ntaus sib tua tau ntau xyoo thiab tej zaum twb tsis nco qab lawm yog vim li cas rau lawv cov kev sib ntxub. Destiny disposes kom tus me nyuam yog cov thawj coj ntawm ntog nyob rau hauv kev hlub. Romeo thiab Juliet txiav txim siab mus nyiag yuav. Tab sis tus tub hluas nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub ntawm ib tug sib ntaus tua tus hlub tus tij laug thiab raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub nroog.

Los ntawm kev cia siab hluas nkauj mus haus dej haus lub tshuaj lom, tab sis tus mlom muab nws ib tug potion uas cia li lulls nws. Cov tsev neeg txiav txim siab tias Juliet tshuav lub ntiaj teb no, thiab muab nws tso rau hauv ib lub qhov ntxa.

Romeo, tsis tau ciaj sia tsis tau ntawm tus hlub, dej qab zib tshuaj lom, waking li, nws pom nyob rau ntawm nws ko taw hauv lifeless lub cev. Nws txiav txim siab ua raws li koj nyiam thiab stabs nws tus kheej.

Cov kev tuag ntawm cov me nyuam tau coj mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub implacable kev sib ntxub ntawm lub ob tsev neeg.

"Hamlet"

Uilyam Shekspir tau ntsib nyob rau hauv lub neej nyuaj siab - txoj kev tuag ntawm nws tus tub. Hemnet tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm kaum ib, tej zaum los ntawm tus mob bubonic plague.

Raws li ib tug playwright ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv London, nws tsis yog ib tug heev qhua nyob rau hauv nws hometown thiab thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws tus tub tuag tom ntej no mus nws yog tsis muaj. Shakespeare heev quaj los kuamuag vim qhov no.

Nws yog nrog qhov kev tshwm sim muaj tswv yim soj ntsuam ntawm muaj txuas lub creation ntawm lub kev txom nyem ntawm Hamlet, khi lawv kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov npe.

Nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj kev twb kev txuas yuav tsis tau twb tsis siv. Qhov kev txiav txim yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Denmark. Tub huabtais lub npe Hamlet raws li cov dab ntawm nws txiv tuag, tus huab tais. Nws qhia tus tub hluas hais tias nws raug tua los ntawm cov tam sim no huab tais, Hamlet lub txiv ntxawm - Claudius. Nug cov dab rau noj kua zaub ntsuab rau nws ua dab tsi nrog nws.

Hamlet yog tsis meej pem, nws yuav tsis ua ib tug txiav txim siab. Yuav kom tiv thaiv nws tus kheej, nws dag vwm. Tab sis nws tus txiv ntxawm yog tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim, nws tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub farce ntawm nws lawm tub. Lub taub hau ntawm Claudius npaj tua Hamlet yug.

Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, Hamlet haus cov tshuaj lom, tsis paub txog nws. Tab sis ua ntej nws tuag, lub sij hawm rau pauj rau nws tus txiv.

Yuav kom lub zwm txwv los Frontinbras Norwegian kav.

Kwv huam thiab sonnets

Nyob rau hauv dab tsi xyoo pua nws nyob Shakespeare? Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo thiab cov ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws thiaj li tau tshwm sim hais tias nyob rau hauv ces khiav lub ntsiab lag luam hiav txwv tseem khiav. Cov no hais tias nyob rau hauv 1593 lub teb chaws tau yuav tus kab mob plague, uas ntawd kub ntev li yuav luag ob xyoos.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv tej yam tsis ua hauj lwm, tsis muaj pej xeem hauv tsev, nrog rau cov Shakespeare Theatre. Lub playwright twb yuam kom zaum tawm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nws nyeem ib tug ntau, thiab tshwm sim los ntawm lub "Metamorphoses" ntawm Ovid thiaj li sau ob erotic kwv huam.

Qhov thib peb yog "A Lover Complaint," uas yog reprinted ob peb lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej.

Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov Uilyam Shekspir yog lub npe hu rau nws sonnets. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub kws sau paj lug - 154. Sonet nruab nrab yog ib nqe ntawm cov kaum plaub kab saws nyob rau hauv uas xws li ib tug zaj lus sib dhos: abab cdcd efef gg.

sonnets voj voog yog conventionally muab faib mus rau hauv kaum ob thematic pawg, xws li:

• chanting lwm;
• anguish thiab kev ntshai;
• kev xyiv fab thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev hlub.

style Shakespeare

Uilyam Shekspir, lub xyoo ntawm lub neej uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, heev npaum li cas hloov nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Nws thawj hauj lwm tau sau rau hauv dog dig lus, tsis mus rau sawv tawm los ntawm cov neeg coob coob playwright tib hacks. Kom tsis txhob niaj hnub ua nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm ntawm Shakespeare tau loaded lawv metaphors cia implanting lawv tawm tsam txhua lwm yam. Qhov no tiv thaiv tau nws los ntawm pom cov dluab ntawm heroes.

Tsis ntev, txawm li cas los, cov kws sau paj lug los rau nws cov tsoos style, nws adapts rau nws. Standard yuav siv ntawm dawb paug nqe (sau nyob rau hauv iambic pentameter). Tab sis nws yog distinguished los ntawm nws zoo, thaum piv rau thawj zaug lag luam thiab ua raws li-up.

Lub peculiarity ntawm Shakespeare tus style yog hais tias nws sau tau nrog ib tug kub siab rau kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm rau ib tug loj scale yog siv Enjambment, txawv txawv thiab cov qhov ntev ntawm cov kab lus. Tej zaum playwright invites cov tuav mus xav txog qhov kawg ntawm cov lus, inserting muaj ib tug ntev mas.

thuam

Shakespeare, xyoo ntawm lub neej, ib tug nyuag Phau ntawv sau uas yog lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho cov zajlus nuj nqis uas muaj ib tug enormous cawv rau nws cov thwjtim nyob rau hauv ib tug txawj sau ntawv ua hauj lwm.

Dua li no, thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej nws twb tsis suav tias yog ib tug zoo playwright. Thiab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua, txawm thuam rau qhov tseeb hais tias nws twb nws lub tragic thiab cov comic nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm.

Txawm li cas los, twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua, cov views tau tsis nco qab lawm, kev sau ntawv txheej txog ib txhij txhua txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Thiab tsis ntev twb voiced los ntawm ib tug zoo-paub tseeb tam sim no uas Shakespeare - lub teb chaws kws sau paj lug uas hais. Tom qab ntawd, cov xim muab rau thaum lub sij hawm Shakespeare lub neej.

Cov puas tawm xyoo dhau twb cim los ntawm cov huab hwm coj mus ntawm Shakespeare tus ua rau lwm hom lus. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws twb koom Avgust Shlegel.

Txawm li cas los, critics tseem yog. Yog li ntawd, Bernard Shou hais tias Shakespeare piv rau Ibsen yog obsolete, thiab nws tsis to taub qhov no idolatry.

Lub hav zoov ntawm ua txoj muaj peev xwm ua xyem xyav Shakespeare thiab Lev Tolstoy.

Tab sis thaum pib ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, ib zaug dua propelled nws mus rau stardom thaum Expressionists thiab cov Futurists pib muab nws plays, thiab cov kws sau paj lug TS Eliot hais tias Shakespeare tus ua yeej ib txwm mus txog hnub.

tsis ntev los no xyoo

Lub xeem xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm Shakespeare coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws hometown. Tab sis yog nws feem ntau cov kwv tij mus London on ua lag ua luam. Ib tug thawj playwright ntawm nws lub tuam txhab ua tau zoo John. Fletcher. Raws li ib co kev soj ntsuam, nws kuj co-sau lub xeem ua.

Shakespeare nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog thaum koj yuav tsis pom raws nraim li cas tshwm sim rau tus txiv neej. Tab sis cov seem cov ntaub ntawv yuav pom tias cov nyeem twb hloov, nws tau los ua tsis meej thiab bold. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm dab tsi historians tau xaus lus tias Uilyam Shekspir yog mob heev.

tuag

Shakespeare tuag nyob rau hnub tim 23, 1616. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws yog nws lub hnub yug. Raws li qhov yuav, tag nrho cov cuab yeej ntawm tus playwright dhau cov ntxhais thiab lawv ncaj qha xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Qhov kawg direct xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub kws sau paj lug yog nws tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv Elizabeth, leej twg tuag nyob rau hauv 1670.

Qhov twg Shakespeare siv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, ib tug tsoo ntawm cov kws sau paj lug.