Classical kos duab vim hais tias hu li ntawd, tias tus nqi ntawm txhua yam khoom muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus, kuaj los ntawm lub sij hawm. Shakespeare, da Vinci painting, suab paj nruag, Schnittke, Rodin - daim ntawv teev yuav ua tau ntev, vim hais tias daim ntawv teev cov achievements ntawm noob neej, tsim thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej thiab txoj kev loj hlob, yog tiag tiag ntev thiab nyeem. Thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai yuav ua tau zoo siab rau lawv zoo countryman, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw ntawm yawm ntawm cov sau phau ntawv pom tau hais tias lub ntiaj teb no thiab Lavxias teb sab classical ntaub ntawv.
Lub creator ntawm Lavxias teb sab tshiab
Yog, raws nraim. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, rau Turgenev nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv yog ib tug ntau ntawm feemxyuam novelists. "Encyclopedia ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub neej" nyob rau hauv nqe lus no, sau los ntawm Pushkin, ib tug puas siab puas ntsws portrait ntawm ib tug tag nrho tiam, tsim los ntawm Lermontov nyob rau hauv nws "Hero ...", thiab ntau lwm yam zoo kawg nkaus tej hauj lwm muab khoom noj khoom haus mus rau lub siab thiab lub plawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg, kev txawj ntse, tsim, piav qhia, pab sab ntsuj plig paub tab cov neeg patriots ntawm lawv lub teb chaws. Tab sis nws yog Turgenev ua ib tug Lavxias teb sab tshiab mus rau lub loj heev ntiaj teb no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, nkag txawv teb chaws txawj nyeem ntawv nrog rau cov originality ntawm peb kab lis kev cai, lub neej, keeb kwm. Brevity, extraordinary expressiveness ntawm cov lus, lub nro ntawm daim zajlus, displaying tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev thiab nom tswv tej teeb meem nyob rau hauv zej zog, cov ideological nriaj, yam ntxwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev muaj tiag, sib sib zog nqus puas siab puas ntsws kev pom thiab amazing kev txawj ntawm ib tug yeej muaj tseeb artist - cov no yog cov pom qhov txawv nta ntawm Turgenev lub novelist thiab nws zoo tshaj plaws tsim yaam tshab. Tsaug rau Ivan Sergeyevich txawv teb chaws audiences thiab critics kawm txog qhov no amazing phenomenon - "Lavxias teb sab Literature", "Lavxias teb sab dab neeg." Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj thiab hlub lawv cov me nyuam los ntawm tus sau twb "txiv thiab cov tub." Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tej hauj lwm reflected tsis tsuas polysyllabic tsev neeg, kev sib raug zoo, pej xeem thiab cov general tib neeg kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm Turgenev rau cov teeb meem.
Yog vim li cas txiv thiab cov tub
Tus sau txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tshiab yog tsis sau tseg qhia ncaj qha. Tab sis nws yog haum yooj yim los mus txiav txim hais tias koj noj ib tug nyob ze saib cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsom xam cov cim lus, system ntawm cov dluab, kom paub tias lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug neeg hais, xws li lub toj roob hauv pes, nyob rau hauv lub tshiab. Qhov no, incidentally, yog heev nthuav, "txiv thiab cov tub." Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm muab twb nyob rau hauv lub npe, thiab lub ntsiab artistic cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov fab ntxeev los yog antithesis, yuav tsum havzoov thoob plaws rau tag nrho cov dab neeg.
Yog li ntawd yog vim li cas leej txiv thiab yog vim li cas cov me nyuam? Vim hais tias cov tsev neeg - yog ib tug me me daim ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv nws, raws li nyob rau hauv ib daim iav, thaws rov los lub complex, tej zaum ua txoj tsis sib haum uas yog tuav thiab feverish pej xeem nco qab. By lub sij hawm ntawm conception thiab yug me nyuam ntawm cov sau ntawv ntawm tus tshiab lub neej, raws li tus critic Belinsky, "tawg nyob rau hauv lub qhov tob thiab breadth" nyob rau hauv lub loj heev ntau yam ntawm nws cov ntsiab. Qhov no ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cia peb mus saib thiab to taub lub "txiv thiab cov tub." Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm cov tiam, nyob rau hauv lawv cov views on nom ua tswv, kev ntseeg, science, kos duab, ntiaj teb no kev txiav txim thiab lub ntiaj teb no kev txiav txim. Tsis muaj tsawg tiag tiag li thiab cov chav kawm ntawv tej teeb meem, aggravated tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm tawv confrontation ntawm kev rog thiab kev sib tw. Lub attentive nyeem ntawv, mus los ntawm tshooj tshooj, ntau kom meej meej to taub lub metaphorical title ntawm "txiv thiab cov tub." Lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug ua hauj lwm tsis yog tsuas yog los qhia cov rooj saab laaj ntawm tiam thiab disengagement (general tib neeg nam), tab sis kuj los qhia cov confrontation ntawm tsim views thiab cov tswvyim thiab tshiab, los los hloov lub qub.
xav tsev neeg
Wb tsom xam cov thawj "xav tias cov tsev neeg" nyob rau hauv lub tshiab. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lub ntsiab ntawm cov tsev neeg yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Turgenev. Thoob plaws hauv nws laus lub neej cov txawj sau ntawv nyob "rau ntawm ntug ntawm lwm tus zes", thiab tau nrog nws ib tug heev nyuab kev sib raug zoo nrog nws leej niam. Vim hais tias, tej zaum, cherished Ivan Sergeyevich warmth ntawm lub tsev, cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov laus thiab cov hluas tiam. Cov khoom ntawm "txiv thiab tub" siv cov nyob mus ib txhis tseem ceeb, tsis muaj uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tsis tau tsiv mus rau pem hauv ntej kev kawm. Nws piv txwv no nrog ib qho piv txwv Kirsanovs tsev neeg. Arkady, tus sawv cev ntawm cov hluas tiam thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis yog, thiab yog los ntawm Bazarov, tseem intimately kev cob cog rua nrog lawv hlub. Txawm tias tom qab koj mus txog hauv otchie ntug nws hais tias tias nyob ntawm no thiab cov huab cua yog sweeter thiab kim kim thiab los ze zog tshaj nyob rau hauv lub capital. Ua ib tug excursion mus rau hauv lub dhau los ntawm nws heroes, Turgenev hais tias Kirsanov txiv lossi sim tau los ze zog rau nws tus tub, muab nws kev txaus siab, nyob los ntawm dab tsi nyob Arkady ntsib nrog nws buddies, ua kom to taub lub tshiab tiam uas los nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm nws cov phooj ywg. Cov khoom ntawm "txiv thiab tub", raws li twb tau hais, tus tshiab-lub antithesis. Tab sis, thaum Bazarov, thiab yog ib tug staunch tus nrog sib ntaus ntawm tag nrho cov yav tas los, tus "poj koob yawm txwv" xws li, tab sis yog nws outwardly tsis paub nrog nws txiv thiab nws niam thiab tab luag thuam thiab scorns "laus Kirsanovs" kev xav ntawm kinship yog tsis txawv teb chaws rau nws. Yog li, lub tsev neeg sawv thiab dawb ceev bonds ntawm Turgenev. Togtxais tus tshiab era, cov txawj sau ntawv ntseeg hais tias ib tug yuav tsis siab tau ntoo khaub lig yav dhau los epochs, xws li cov rooj saab laaj ntawm tiam.
Tshiab thiab qub
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub" yog nrug thiab ntxaum tshaj qhia saum toj no cov lus nug. Muaj, muaj tseeb, tus hluas tiam, nrog nws cov xam qhovkev maximalism feem ntau muab lawv tus kheej ntse tshaj, ntau hnyav, ntau feemxyuam, peev xwm ntawm tseem ceeb ua thiab pab tau rau lub teb chaws tshaj cov neeg uas nws muaj hnub nyoog yog nqus mus rau ib tug nyob ze. Alas, tab sis los ntawm thiab loj nws yog. Thiab Nikolai Petrovich thiab Petr Petrovich Kirsanov, cov neeg kawm ntawv thiab niaj hnub-minded, tsis tau kev lom zem ntau qab lub ya rau pem hauv ntej uncontrollably caug xyoo. Tshiab scientific tswv yim, kev siv technology tshiab uas, kev nom kev tswv lub tswv yim lawv nrhiav tau nws yooj yim rau to taub thiab yooj yim mus txais nyob rau hauv lawv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis yog tias yav dhau los yuav tsum tau tsis muaj residue ua kom puas, tsis nco qab muab nws li, "ntshiab", raws li qhia los ntawm Bazarov? Yuav ua li cas, ces, mus rau tsim ib tug tshiab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib lub tshuab nqus? Nihilist Eugene yuav tsis kos ib ncauj lus kom ntxaws duab - Thaj, nws tsis paub, tsis yog nws nws tus kheej. Thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab Tub" los ntawm tus sau rightly pom tsis tsuas mus rau thuam lub ugliness ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev muaj tiag, cov lwj social system, thiab feem ntau tib neeg kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj los ua pov thawj hais tias koj yuav tsis tau kiag li tso tseg yav tag los. Tib neeg civilizations ua raws li ib lwm, thiab txhua raug raws li nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los achievements.
Ideological thiab aesthetic tswvyim ntawm tus tshiab
Yuav ua li cas lwm tus tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub"? Cov khoom ntawm Turgenev sau nyob rau hauv 3 theem. Tus thawj hnub rov qab mus rau 1860-1861 xyoo, thaum nws tsim lub ntsiab ntawv nyeem, daim zajlus twb tsim thiab zoo li tus system. Qhov thib ob yog hais txog mus rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1861 - pib ntawm lub caij ntuj no nyob rau hauv 1862 xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no cov txawj sau ntawv koom recycles ntawv nyeem, ua lub cuab ntxhiab thiab puas hloov, ncua lub ntau yam illuminated los ntawm cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv raws li cov nom tswv hloov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Thiab thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub ob hlis ntuj rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1862 thiab qhov kawg hloov mus rau tus thawj tsab ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Journal" ua hauj lwm "txiv thiab cov tub." Cov teeb meem ntawm tus tshiab - ib tug tiag tiag li daim duab ntawm lub zog ntawm lifting lub commoners, lub revolutionary Democrats; uas qhia cov tshiab, cia li ntaus lub nascent kev activist, nihilist, yog mas tag nrho cov me nyuam yaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev. 238 nplooj ntawv ntawm nplua sau Turgenev tus thiab nyeem tau ploj mus nyob rau hauv lub neej zaj dab neeg txog ib tug ntxeev siab Bazarov, thuam amoral nihilism, cov teeb meem ntawm conservatives, liberals thiab revolutionary-minded progressives, muab qhia tawm ntawm philosophical, sab ntsuj plig, kev cai dab qhuas, raug cai thiab zoo nkauj, ncaj ncees tsis sib haum.
Tias tus sau xav hais thiab ua li cas nws hais tias?
Yuav kom to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub" yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau pom cov duab ntawm lub cim tseem ceeb - ib tug nihilist Evgeniya Bazarova. Tus sau hais tias nws pom cov duab ntawm ib tug muaj zog, vicious, qus thiab tshwm, ncaj ncees, los ntawm cov neeg, tab sis yog doomed tsis ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias lub sij hawm twb tsis tau tuaj Bazarovs. Nws txais hais tias nws yeej paub, hlub los yog ntxub tus duab tib yam nws tsim. Tom qab tag nrho, cov txawj sau ntawv nrhiav kom thuam neeg cov nom tswv cajceg li ib zaug zoo, tab sis tam sim no moribund, conservative chav kawm ntawv, inhibiting economic thiab kev nom kev tswv kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws. Tab sis Bazarov tuaj rau lub fore, thiab nws yog hais txog qhov no cim tsim nyob rau hauv lub domestic kev thuam ntawm lub controversy. Ib txhia xav tias lub cim tseem ceeb vicious caricature, lampoon rau cov hluas tiam. Lwm tus khaws Turgenev lo lus "nihilist", pib hu lawv tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm excesses, kev nom kev tswv unrest ua los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Thiab Bazarov lub npe tau ua synonymous nrog ib tug ntawm cov npe ntawm cov dab ntxwg nyoog - Asmodeus. Peb, tos tus revolutionary tswv yim, tsa Yevgeny Vasilyevich rau cov nyob qib ntawm lawv sab ntsuj plig tus thawj coj. Turgenev tsis qhia lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug, los yog tus thib ob, los yog thib peb. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov yog vim li cas ntawm cov ideological phua nruab nrab ntawm cov kws ntawv thiab cov neeg ntawm "Kawm".
lub neej ntawm kov yeej ideology
Yog, Ivan Sergeyevich, nrog tag nrho peb ua tiag tiag pab koj tu siab rau cov nom tswv cajceg thiab kev khuv leej rau Bazarov, thiab ib co txim, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab, nws muaj pov thawj hais tias lub neej yog ntau thiab ntau yam kev sau ntawm tag nrho cov ideologies, kev nom kev tswv kev tsis sib haum, thiab nws yuav tsis tau muab tso rau hauv tej Procrustean txaj. Xwm, kev hlub thiab sincere hlub, regenerating thiab ennobling hwj chim ntawm kos duab, patriotism yuav yeej dhau "passionate, kev txhaum, nros lub plawv." Thiab rau hnub no txoj hmoo ntawm heroes ua hauj lwm ntawm kev txaus siab thiab kev txhawj xeeb rau peb, muab sawv mus kev tsis sib haum, xav kom ua kom to taub tob li tob tau thiab qhia txhua leej txhua tus yuav tsum tau ib tug txiv neej. Thiab qhov no yog lub ntsiab feature ntawm tus poj classics.