Kev Kawm Ntawv:, Science

Txheeb oxidation. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation-txo: kev piv txwv

Tsis muaj zog, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm kev ua neej nyob. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txhua txoj kev yuav tsum muaj nws lub xub ntiag. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau txhua tus neeg to taub thiab xav tias nws yog. Yog tias koj tsis noj txhua hnub, tom qab ntawd yav tsaus ntuj, thiab kab tias ua ntej, cov tsos mob ntawm kev qaug zog, kev qaug zog, thiab lub zog yuav txo tau qhov teeb meem.

Cov kab mob txawv txav li cas? Qhov twg los ntawm qhov twg thiab dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cell? Cia peb sim nkag siab txog qhov no.

Zog tsim los ntawm cov khoom noj

Qhov twg yog qhov uas lub zog siv, yog lub hauv paus ntawm OBR (kev tshua txog redox). Piv txwv muaj peev xwm muab sib txawv. Qhov kab zauv ntawm photosynthesis, uas yog kwv los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntsuab thiab qee cov kab mob - tseem yog OVR. Lawm, cov txheej txheem yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb hom kev ua neej nyob yog txhais li cas.

Yog li, tag nrho cov tsiaj muaj heterotrophs. Ntawd li, zoo li tej yam kab mob uas tsis muaj peev xwm sawv cev ntawm kev npaj rau cov organic sib xyaw hauv lawv tus kheej rau lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg.

Nroj tsuag, los ntawm kev sib piv, yog cov neeg tsim muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws ntawm cov organic teeb meem ntawm peb lub ntiaj chaw. Lawv ua tiav cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb hu ua photosynthesis, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov kua qab qab ntawm cov dej, carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb - chlorophyll. Qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm oxygen, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej rau tag nrho aerobic nyob quavntsej.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation-txo, piv txwv uas qhia txog cov txheej txheem no:

  • 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O = chlorophyll = C 6 H 10 O 6 + 6O 2;

Los yog

  • carbon dioxide + hydrogen oxide nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov xim chlorophyll (enzyme tshuaj tiv thaiv) + = monosaccharide free molecular oxygen.

Nws kuj muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov paj ntoos ntawm lub ntiaj teb uas muaj peev xwm siv lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov cheebtsam hauv keeb kwm. Lawv hu ua hemotropics. Lawv muaj ntau hom kab mob. Piv txwv, hydrogen microorganisms uas oxidize substrate molecules nyob rau hauv cov av. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim raws li cov mis: 2H 2 0 2 = 2H 2 0.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev paub txog biological oxidation

Tus txheej txheem uas yog underlies lub zog ntawm lub zog yog tam sim no paub zoo. Qhov no yog ib qho oxidation lom. Biochemistry tau ua kom huv si kawm txog cov subtleties thiab cov tswv yim ntawm tag nrho cov theem ntawm kev txiav txim, uas muaj yuav luag tsis muaj riddles sab laug. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb.

Thawj pav ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob hauv cov nyob quavntsej muaj ntau txoj kev hloov, uas yog cov tshuaj lom neeg lub cev, tshwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua paub. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no tias Antoine Lavoisier, tus naas ej Fab Kis uas nrov npe, ua rau nws paub txog biological oxidation thiab combustion zoo sib xws. Nws taug kev kwv yees li ntawm cov pa oxygen absorbed thaum nchuav thiab tuaj rau qhov xaus tias oxidation dab tau qhov chaw hauv lub cev, tsuas qeeb dua sab nraud thaum hlawv ntau yam. Ntawd yog, oxidizer-oxygen molecules-hnov mob nrog cov organic sib txuas, lawv hydrogen thiab cov carbon ntawm lawv, thiab ib txhij transformation yuav siv qhov chaw, nrog cov decomposition ntawm lub tebchaw.

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov kev xav no yog qhov tseeb tiag, ntau yam tseem tsis meej. Piv txwv li:

  • Thaum cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws, ces tej yam kev mob rau lawv ntws yuav tsum zoo tib yam, tab sis qhov oxidation tshwm sim ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog;
  • Qhov kev txiav txim yog tsis nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm ib lub zog ntawm thermal lub zog thiab tsis muaj tsim hluav taws xob;
  • Nyob rau hauv lub neej nyob tsis tshaj 75-80% ntawm dej, tab sis qhov no tsis tiv thaiv cov "hlawv" cov as-ham ntawm lawv.

Yuav teb tau tag nrho cov lus nug no thiab nkag siab txog dab tsi yog qhov ua tau oxidation lom, nws coj ntau tshaj ib xyoos.

Muaj ntau qhov kev xav uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa thiab hydrogen nyob hauv tus txheej txheem. Feem ntau thiab zoo tshaj plaws yog:

  • Bach txoj kev xav, hu ua peroxide;
  • Lub tswvyim ntawm Palladin, raws li lub tswvyim xws li "chromogens".

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej muaj tseem muaj ntau cov kws tshawb fawb, ob leeg nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lwm lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas maj mam pib ntxiv ntxiv thiab hloov mus rau lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog lom oxidation. Lub biochemistry ntawm peb lub sij hawm, ua tsaug rau lawv cov hauj lwm, tuaj yeem qhia txog txhua qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm txoj haujlwm no. Ntawm cov npe nrov tshaj plaws nyob hauv cheeb tsam no yog cov hauv qab no:

  • Mitchell;
  • SV Severin;
  • Warburg;
  • VA Ntaus;
  • Leninger;
  • V. P. Skulachev;
  • Krebs;
  • Ntsuab;
  • V. A. Engelhardt;
  • Keilin thiab lwm tus.

Hom qoob loo oxidation

Nws muaj ob lub ntsiab ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv kev saib xyuas, uas tshwm sim nyob hauv ntau yam kev mob. Yog li, feem ntau txoj kev rau ntau hom microorganisms thiab cov hu ua fungi kom txia tau cov khoom noj uas lawv tau txais yog txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Qhov no oxidation lom, uas yog nqa tawm tsis tau cov pa thiab tsis muaj nws kev koom tes rau hauv ib daim ntawv. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau tsim rau qhov tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau cua: nyob hauv av, hauv rotting substrates, av, av nplaum, hav iav thiab txawm nyob hauv qhov chaw.

Hom tshuaj oxidation no muaj lwm lub npe - glycolysis. Nws tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov theem ntawm ntau txoj thiab siv sij hawm, tab sis cov txheej txheem nquag khiav - aerobic transformation los yog cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov no yog hom thib ob ntawm txoj hauv kev hauv kev saib xyuas. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho aerobic nyob creatures-heterotrophs, uas siv oxygen rau respiration.

Yog li, hom oxidation lom yog raws li nram no.

  1. Glycolysis, txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm. Tsis tas yuav tsum muaj oxygen thiab xaus nrog ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm fermentation.
  2. Ntaub so ntswg (oxidative phosphorylation), los yog aerobic tsos. Yuav tsum muaj lub cev muaj oxecular oxygen.

Cov neeg koom hauv qhov txheej txheem

Cia peb tig mus rau kev saib xyuas ntawm cov qauv nta lawv tus kheej, uas muaj roj lom oxidation. Txhais cov ntsiab sib txuas thiab lawv cov ntawv luv luv, uas peb yuav siv yav tom ntej.

  1. Acetylcoenzyme-A (acetyl-CoA) - lub condensate ntawm oxalic thiab acetic acid nrog coenzyme, tsim nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm lub voj voog tricarboxylic acid.
  2. Cov voj voos Krebs (lub voj voog ntawm citric acid, tricarboxylic acids) yog qhov sib hloov ntawm txoj kev hloov liab qab sib law liag, nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog, qhov txo ntawm hydrogen, tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom qis. Nws yog lub ntsiab ntawm kata thiab anabolism.
  3. NAD thiab NAD * H yog ib qho enzyme dehydrogenase, seev suab ua nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Qhov mis thib ob yog ib qho ua piv txwv nrog txuas nrog hydrogen. NADP - nicotinamide adenine dinuclide-phosphate.
  4. FAD thiab FAD * H - flavinadenidine dinucleotide - coenzyme dehydrogenases.
  5. ATP - adenosine triphosphoric acid.
  6. PVK - pyruvic acid los yog pyruvate.
  7. Succinate los yog succinic acid, H 3 PO 4 - phosphoric acid.
  8. GTP - guanosine triphosphate, ib chav kawm ntawm purine nucleotides.
  9. ETC yog ib lub cav xa hluav taws xob.
  10. Cov enzymes ntawm tus txheej txheem: peroxidase, oxygenase, cytochrome oxidase, flavin dehydrogenases, coenzymes ntau thiab lwm yam sib txuas.

Tag nrho cov kev sib txuas lus no yog cov neeg koom hauv cov txheej txheem oxidation uas tshwm sim hauv cov nqaij (hlwb) ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv.

Cov theem ntawm cov pa oxidation: cov lus

Theem Cov txheej txheem thiab lub ntsiab lus
Glycolysis Lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem lus dag nyob rau hauv lub anoxic zom monosaccharides uas precedes tus txheej txheem ntawm cell ua pa thiab yog nrog los ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog, sib npaug zos rau ob molecules ntawm ATP. Pyruvate kuj tsim tau. Qhov no yog thawj theem rau lub cev kab heterotroph. Tus nqi ntawm qhov tsim ntawm PVK, uas nkag mus rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm mitochondria thiab yog lub substrate rau cov nqaij oxidation los ntawm oxygen. Anaerobes tom qab glycolysis yog ua raws li kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm ntau yam.
Oxidation ntawm pyruvate Cov txheej txheem no muaj nyob rau hauv cov conversion ntawm PVK thaum lub sij hawm glycolysis hauv acetyl-CoA. Nws yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase. Tshwm - cetyl-CoA molecules, uas nkag rau hauv lub Krebs voj voog. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, NAD rov qab mus rau NADH. Lub site ntawm localization yog lub cristae ntawm mitochondria.
Decomposition ntawm beta-fatty acids Cov txheej txheem no yog ua tiav thaum sib luag nrog ib qho dhau los rau ntawm tus ntxhuav ntawm mitochondria. Tus essence ntawm nws yog txheej txheem cov fatty acids uas yog acetyl-CoA thiab muab tso rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm tricarboxylic acids. Qhov no tseem rov qab NADH.
Cov voj voog Krebs

Nws pib nrog kev hloov ntawm acetyl-CoA rau hauv citric acid, uas muaj kev hloov ntxiv. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj theem, uas muaj oxidation lom. Cov kua qaub no yog raug rau:

  • Dehydrogenation;
  • Decarboxylation;
  • Rov Qab Los.

Txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua ntau zaus. Tshwm: GTP, carbon dioxide, txo daim ntawv NADH thiab FADH 2. Hauv qhov no, lub enzymes ntawm lom oxidation yog dawb nyob hauv daim duab ntawm mitochondrial hais.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Qhov no yog theem kawg ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov tebchaw hauv eukaryotic cov kab mob. Qhov no ua rau kev hloov ntawm adenosine diphosphate mus rau ATP. Lub zog yuav tsum tau rau qhov no yog noj thaum lub oxidation ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm NADH thiab FADH 2 uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los theem. Los ntawm kev hloov mus los ntawm ETC thiab txo qis hauv qhov kev muaj peev xwm, lub zog tsim tau hauv cov nyiaj qiv nyiaj ntawm ATP.

Cov no yog tag nrho cov txheej txheem uas tau nrog sib xyaw nrog oxidation nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov pa. Lawm, lawv tsis piav raws li, tab sis tsuas yog hauv essence, txij li tag nrho cov tshooj ntawm phau ntawv xav tau kev piav qhia ncauj lus kom ntxaws. Txhua tus biochemical kev ua neej ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia nyob tsis tshua muaj neeg coob heev thiab txoj.

Oxidation-txo tshua ntawm txoj kev

Cov tshuaj oxidation-txo qee zaum, piv txwv uas tau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem saum toj ntawm cov pa oxidation, raws li nram no.

  1. Glycolysis: monosaccharide (glucose) + 2NAD + = 2ADF 2PVK 2ATF + 4H + + O 2 + 2H + NADH.
  2. Oxidation ntawm pyruvate: PVK + enzyme = carbon dioxide + acetaldehyde. Tom qab ntawd cov kauj ruam tom ntej: acetaldehyde + Coenzyme A = acetyl-CoA.
  3. Ntau ntawm kev hloov ntawm citric acid nyob rau hauv lub voj voog Krebs.

Cov oxidation-txo tshua, qhov piv txwv ntawm cov uas tau muab los saum toj no, xav txog qhov essence ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv ib daim ntawv. Nws yog paub tias cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug yog ntawm siab phaus molecular los yog muaj ib tug loj carbon cev pob txha, yog li nws yog tsuas yog tsis tau mus depict tag nrho cov tag nrho cov qauv.

Cov zis tso zis ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg

Los ntawm cov lus piav qhia saum toj no nws pom tseeb tias nws tsis nyuaj rau xam tag nrho tawm los ntawm tag nrho cov oxidation los ntawm lub zog.

  1. Ob qho tshuaj ATP muab glycolysis.
  2. Oxidation ntawm pyruvate 12 molecules of ATP.
  3. 22 lwg me ntsis nyiaj rau lub voj voog ntawm tricarboxylic acids.

Qhov tshwm sim: tiav oxygen lom raws txoj kab aerobic muab cov paib sib npaug sib npaug rau 36 lub tshuab molecules ATP. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm biological oxidation yog pom tseeb. Nws yog lub zog no uas siv los ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev sov lub cev, lub zog thiab lwm yam uas tsim nyog.

Anaerobic oxidation ntawm substrate

Qhov thib ob hom roj ntsha oxidation yog homerobic. Tus ntawd yog ib qho uas ua tiav los ntawm txhua tus neeg, tab sis nyob rau ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tej hom tsiaj nres. Nws glycolysis, thiab nws yog no hais tias tus txawv yog kom meej meej pom nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tshuaj ntawm lub aerobic thiab co.

Cov theem ntawm oxidation lom raws li txoj kev no muaj tsawg.

  1. Glycolysis, uas yog, qhov oxidation ntawm cov ntshav qab zib kom pyruvate.
  2. Fermentation, ua rau txoj kev txua ntawm ATP.

Fermentation tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam, nyob ntawm seb cov kabmob uas yug tau licas.

Lactic fermentation

Nws yog ua los ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid, zoo li qee qhov quav. Tus essence yog los PVK rau lactic acid. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv hauv kev lag luam tsim los:

  • Fermented khoom noj mis;
  • Pickled zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
  • Txhab rau tsiaj.

Hom tshuaj fermentation yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv tib neeg cov kev xav tau.

Dej cawv fermentation

Nws yog lub npe hu rau cov neeg txij li thaum ub thaum ub. Tus essence ntawm tus txheej txheem yog cov conversion ntawm PVC mus rau hauv ob molecules ntawm ethanol thiab ob carbon dioxide. Vim yog qhov tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom, hom fwj tshuaj no yog siv los tsim:

  • Mov ci;
  • Caw;
  • Npias;
  • Confectionery thiab lwm yam.

Nws cov fungi yog cov poov xab thiab kab mob ntawm cov kab mob.

Oily fermentation

Ib hom narrowly tshwj xeeb ntawm fermentation yog txaus. Nws yog kwv los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm genus Clostridium. Tus essence yog hloov pyruvate rau butyric acid, uas muab cov khoom noj khoom haus ib ntxhov ntxhiab thiab rancid saj.

Vim li no, qhov kev haumxeeb ntawm kev ua rau oxidation mus raws li txoj kev yog siv tsis tau siv hauv kev lag luam. Txawm licas losxij, cov kabmob no yog cov zaubmov ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab cov khoom tsim txom, txo lawv cov kev zoo.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 hmn.delachieve.com. Theme powered by WordPress.