Cellular kev ua pa thiab photosynthesis. Aerobic cellular ua pa

Photosynthesis thiab ua pa - ob dab uas underlie lub neej. Nkawd ob leeg tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cell. Tus thawj - nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab ib co kab mob, ob - thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj thiab nyob rau hauv nroj tsuag thiab fungal, thiab kab mob.

Peb yuav hais tias cellular kev ua pa thiab photosynthesis - dab yog pom zoo rau txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv ib feem, qhov no yog muaj tseeb, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv thawj cov pa absorbed thiab tso tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - nyob rau tsis tooj. Txawm li cas los, ob tug dab no kom piv tsis tau raws li lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txawv organelles siv ntau yam. Lub hom phiaj rau cov uas lawv yuav tsum tau, ib yam nkaus thiab, yog cov sib txawv: photosynthesis xav tau kev pab rau cov as-ham, thiab cellular ua pa - lub zog.

Photosynthesis: qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas no tshwm sim?

Qhov no tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tswj tau organic tshuaj los ntawm inorganic. Ib tug prerequisite yog muaj txaus photosynthesis tshav ntuj, vim nws lub zog ua raws li ib lub hauv paus.

Photosynthesis cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag, yuav tsum qhia tias nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no kab zauv:

• 6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Hais tias yog, rau cov pa roj carbon dioxide molecules thiab tib tus naj npawb ntawm cov dej lwg me me nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tshav ntuj cog tej zaum yuav tau txais ib tug qauv ntawm cov zib thiab rau oxygen.

Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj piv txwv ntawm photosynthesis. Tsis tas li ntawd piam thaj thiab lwm yam yuav tsum tsim nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, ntau carbohydrates, raws li zoo raws li organic tshuaj los ntawm lwm cov chav kawm.

Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm zus tau tej cov amino acids inorganic tebchaw:

• 6SO ₂ + 4H ₂ O + 2SO ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ O ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

Raws li yuav pom, rau molecules ntawm carbon dioxide, cov plaub dej lwg me me, ob tug ntawm sulfate ions, nitrate ions, ob thiab rau hydrogen ions siv hnub ci zog yuav tsum tau ob tug molecules ntawm cysteine thiab tsug kaum peb - oxygen.

Photosynthesis txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb organelles - chloroplasts. Lawv muaj cov xim chlorophyll, uas ua raws li ib lub hauv paus rau tshuaj lom neeg tshua. Cov organelles pom xwb nyob rau hauv cog hlwb.

Tus qauv ntawm lub chloroplast

Qhov no organelle, uas muaj ib tug duab elongated pob. chloroplast loj feem ntau 4-6 microns, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib co algae hlwb yuav yuav ntes tau giant plastids - chromatophores, uas nws loj yog 50 microns.

Qhov no yog hais txog mus rau lub organelle dvuhmembrannym. Nws yog ib puag ncig los ntawm tus txheej thiab puab zoo li. Lawv sib cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam intermembrane qhov chaw.

Lub sab hauv ib puag ncig ntawm lub chloroplast lub npe hu ua "stroma". Nws muaj thylakoids thiab lamellae.

Thylakoids - ib tug ca disc-zoo li tus hnab ntawm daim nyias nyias, uas yog chlorophyll. Qhov no yog qhov twg photosynthesis yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Mus rau hauv sib tsub sib nias, thylakoids tsim grana. Number thylakoids nyob rau brink yuav sib txawv ntawm 3 mus rau 50.

Lamellae - ib tug qauv los yog lub week. Lawv sawv cev rau ib tug branched raws network uas nws thawj muaj nuj nqi - muab ib tug kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub ntsej muag.

Nyob rau hauv chloroplasts kuj muaj lawv ribosomes tsim nyog rau cov protein ntau synthesis, thiab nws tus kheej DNA thiab RNA. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej zaum yuav muaj inclusions, muaj raws ntawm hloov cov as-ham, mas cov hmoov txhuv nplej.

cellular ua pa

Muaj ob peb hom ntawm tus txheej txheem no. Yog co thiab aerobic cellular respiration. Tus thawj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob. Co pa yog ntawm ob peb hom: ib tug nitrate, sulphate, sulfur, hlau, carbonate, fumarate. Cov dab tso cai rau cov kab mob tau zog tsis siv oxygen.

Aerobic cellular ua pa yog yam ntxwv rau tag nrho lwm cov kab mob, nrog rau cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Nws los nrog kev koom tes los ntawm cov pa.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm fauna cellular ua pa tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb organelles. Lawv yog cov hu ua mitochondria. Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag raws li cellular ua pa tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub mitochondria.

theem

Cellular ua pa yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv peb cov kauj ruam:

1. Cov kev npaj rau theem.
2. Glycolysis (co txheej txheem, tsis tau oxygen).
3. Oxidation (aerobic theem).

Cov kev npaj rau theem

Thawj kauj ruam no yog hais tias complex tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub digestive system yog tawg cia rau hauv yooj yim. Yog li, cov nqaijrog derived ntawm cov amino acids los ntawm lipids - fatty acids thiab glycerol, los ntawm txoj carbohydrates - qabzib. Cov tebchaw yog thauj mus rau hauv lub cell, thiab ces - ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub mitochondria.

glycolysis

Nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias glucose yog enzymatically cleaved rau pyruvate thiab hydrogen atoms. Qhov no ntaub ntawv ATP (adenosine triphosphate). no kab zauv yuav qhia nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm glycolysis ib glucose molecule lub cev yuav tau txais ob molecules ntawm ATP.

oxidation

Rau ntawm no theem, tsim thaum lub sij hawm glycolysis pyruvic acid enzymatically reacts nrog rau oxygen mus rau daim ntawv carbon dioxide thiab hydrogen atoms. Cov atoms ces thauj mus rau lub crista qhov twg oxidized tsim dej thiab 36 ATP molecules.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cellular ua pa yog ua nyob rau hauv tag nrho 38 ATP molecules 2 nyob rau hauv lub thib ob theem thiab 36 - rau lub thib peb. Adenosine triphosphate thiab yog lub ntsiab lub zog qhov chaw, uas yog muab nrog mitochondria ntawm lub cell.

Tus qauv ntawm lub mitochondria

Organelles nyob rau hauv uas ua pa yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw, muaj nyob rau hauv tsiaj thiab nyob rau hauv nroj tsuag thiab fungal hlwb. Lawv muaj ib tug kheej kheej zoo thiab ib tug loj ntawm hais txog 1 micron.

Mitochondria li chloroplasts muaj ob week sib cais los ntawm lub intermembrane qhov chaw. Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub week ntawm lub organelle, hu ua ib tug matrix. Nws muaj ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) thiab mtRNK. Lub matrix mus glycolysis thiab cov thawj oxidation kauj ruam.

Ntawm lub puab membrane folds yog tsim, uas zoo sib xws rau lub ridges. Lawv hu ua cristae. Ntawm no yog tus thib ob theem ntawm txoj kev thib peb theem ntawm cellular respiration. Thaum lub sij hawm nws tsim feem ntau ATP molecules.

Keeb kwm dvuhmembrannyh organelles

Zaum tau muaj pov thawj hais tias cov lug uas muab photosynthesis thiab ua pa twb caged los ntawm symbiogenesis. Hais tias yog, thaum nws yog tej yam kab mob. Qhov no piav qhia qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub mitochondria, thiab chloroplasts muaj lawv tus kheej ribosomes, DNA thiab RNA.