Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov: biography, scientific thiab public activities, khoom plig thiab khoom plig. Nobel nqi zog rau hauv Physics (2010)

Qhov zoo-paub Lavxias teb sab physicist, tau txais British pej xeem thiab kuj knighted, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Royal Society of London, cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Physics. Leej twg yog nws? Novoselov Konstantin Sergeevich!

Biography

Tus kws tshawb fawb tau zoo nyob hauv lub nroog ntawm Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk thaj av, thaum lub Yim Hli 23, 1974, nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug engineer thiab xib fwb hauv lus Askiv nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv No. 39, nws tus tsim thiab tus thawj coj yog ib zaug nws yawg Viktor Konstantinovich Novosyolov.

Nyob hauv qib 6, Konstantin tau pom tias nws muaj peev xwm thiab nws yuav tau ua thawj qhov chaw hauv Olympiad hauv physics, thiab tom qab ntawd, ntawm Union All-Union Olympiad, nws rov qab ua tiav ntawm qhov tob tob. Nyob rau hauv 1991 nws kawm tiav los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntxiv Physical thiab Technical School thiab nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo los ua ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow lub koom haum Physics thiab Technology. Nws kawm txog nanotechnology ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics thiab Quantum Electronics, thiab kawm tiav nrog honors ntawm lub koom haum, tom qab uas nws yog recruited ntawm IPTM RAS (Lub koom haum ntawm Microelectronics Technology teeb meem ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Sciences) hauv Chernogolovka. Nyob ntawd nws kawm tiav los ntawm postgraduate course nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Yuri Dubrovsky.

Txawv teb chaws

Nyob rau hauv 1999, Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov, ib tug kws kho mob nrog lub npe zoo, tau tsiv mus rau tim Netherlands. Nyob ntawd, ntawm University of Nijmegen, nws ua haujlwm nrog Andrei Geim. Txij li thaum xyoo 2001, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua hauj lwm ua ke hauv University of Manchester. Hauv xyoo 2004 nws tau txais Ph.D. (lub taub hau ntawm Jan-Kees Maan).

Thaum lub sij hawm, Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov yog ib tug xibfwb nyob hauv Royal Society thiab xib fwb ntawm physics thiab lej hauv University of Manchester thiab muaj ob tug neeg xam xaj (Russia thiab United Kingdom). Tam sim no nws nyob rau hauv Manchester.

Tshawb nrhiav

Dab tsi hu ua Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov? Raws li lub koom haum analyzical Thomson Reuters, tus kws kho mob ntawm Lavxias teb sab-British yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb feem ntau. Tawm ntawm nws tus cwj mem tuaj tawm 190 scientific articles. Txawm li ntawd los, nws qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj yog, ntawm chav kawm, graphene. Ntau tus neeg tau hnov lo lus no, uas suab tau yooj yim thiab paub. Cov tshuab yog tiag tiag laconic thiab elegant, zoo li tag nrho cov ingenious. Kawm ntxiv txog graphene thiab nws daim ntawv sau npe, tej zaum yuav kom paub cov tib neeg mus rau hauv ib qho era ntawm ultra-ceev thiab ultrathin mobile thiab xam pab kiag li lawm, hluav taws xob tsheb, thiab muaj zog, tiam sis heev sib tsim kho.

Txeeb

Thaum Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm lub Manchester University, nws tau los ua lub taub hau ntawm ib tug senior colleague los ntawm Russia, Andre Geim. Txij thaum ntawd, nws tau ntev ntev rau kev tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no thiab nws muaj peev xwm muab tsim kho cov cuab yeej los ntawm gecko clutches, thiab vim nws tsim cov ntaub nplaum nplaum, uas cov kws kho mob tom qab siv ua hauj lwm nrog graphene. Ua ntej ntawd, ib tug neeg kawm ntawv Suav tau pab Heim, tab sis, raws li tus kws kho mob ntawm nws tus kheej, txoj hauj lwm pib ua ntej tsuas yog Novoselov Konstantin Sergeevich coj txoj haujlwm. Lub Nobel nqi zog yog muab rau lawv thaum Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj 2010. Novoselov yog tam sim no lub npe hu ua tus hluas Nobel hauv physics (dhau los 37 xyoo dhau los), dhau mus, thaum lub sijhawm nws tsuas yog tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Nobel Prize winners yug tom qab xyoo 1970.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 2010, Novoselov tau txais lub npe ntawm tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas rau txoj kev kawm tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kawm ntawm lub Netherlands, thiab ib me ntsis tom qab, hauv 2011, txoj cai ntawm Queen Elizabeth yuav ua rau nws yog ib tug Knight-bachelor, twb rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm Great Britain. Solemn ceremony ntawm pib mus rau hauv lub Knights nyob tom qab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 2012, raws li tau leej twg, ntawm Buckingham Palace. Nws raug coj los ntawm nws tus ntxhais, poj huab tais, ntxhais fuabtais Anna.

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias Konstantin Novoselov, uas nws cov kev kawm thiab kev ua ub no zoo heev, tau txais lwm yam khoom plig rau cov kev tshawb nrhiav graphene, ua tus khiav ntawm Eurofizika cov ntawv qhuas nyob rau hauv 2008. Nws tau muab txhua ob lub xyoo, Nobel laureates ntawm nws cov khoom plig tsuas yog kaum peb. Cov nyiaj ntxiv yog ib qho txiaj ntsig rau nqi thiab ib daim ntawv pov thawj uas tsim tau. Nws kuj tau txais txoj kev qhuas Kurti, tiam sis tsis yog los ntawm graphene, tab sis rau cov npe ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj qhov kub thiab sib nqus.

Txog tsev neeg thiab lub neej

Konstantin Novoselov zoo siab rau kev sib yuav nrog nws tus poj niam Irina. Txawm hais tias nws tseem yog Lavxias, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntsib txawv teb chaws, hauv Netherlands. Irina los ntawm Vologda, koom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm microbiology, PhD (thesis defended nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg). Cov niam txiv muaj ob tug ntxhais, Twins Sophia thiab Vika tau yug xyoo 2009.

Konstantin Sergeyevich, hauv nws tus kheej cov lus, tsis yog leej txiv uas tau zaum ua ke hauv lub lim tiam rau lub lim piam, tawm me nyuam yaus ntawm nws cov me nyuam. Rau nws los mus tsim lub ntiaj teb qhov tsawg tshaj plaws transistor thiab qhia tus ntxhais kom suav mus rau nees nkaum-xya - ib yam dab tsi uas sawv ntsug hauv ib kab. "Tsis muaj leej twg twg ua li no ua ntej koj," nws hais.

Thaum ntawd, nws niam nws txiv yeej tsis txwv nws tus tub rau qhov kev nyiam. Lawv yeej paub tseeb tias lawv tus tub tau zoo heev, thiab, raws li nws tus kws kho mob hais tias, lawv tsis xav tsis thoob thaum nws tau txais qhov Nobel Prize.

Nyob rau hauv kev xam phaj rau Esquire magazine, nws tau lees tias nws npau suav ntawm kev kawm ua si piano. Nws raug cob qhia, txawm li ntawd los, los ntawm nws tus kheej kev txais, qhov kev tshwm sim kom deb li deb nruab nrab.

Hais txog USSR

Konstantin Sergeevich yug hauv USSR thiab tau txais kev kawm zoo. Nws tus kheej lees tias qhov kev paub no: muaj qee qhov chaw uas koj tuaj yeem tau txais. Tab sis nws tsis npaj siab yuav rov qab mus rau Russia. Tej zaum, nws yog vim li no tias qee cov neeg sau xov xwm tsis kam thuam nws vim tsis muaj kev ywj pheej. Rau qhov no, tus kws tshawb fawb hais tias nws tsis yog hais txog nyiaj txiag, nws tsuas yog tias nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv nws yooj yim rau kev ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias tsis muaj leej twg cuam tshuam rau koj tej xwm txheej.

Novoselov hais txog lub neej yoojyim, nws tsis ntsej muag rau cov tsis tiav - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm nws cov cai loj. Yog hais tias muaj teeb meem rau kev sib tham nrog tib neeg, nws sim tsis mus nqa mus so, tab sis, yog tias nws yog kev tsis pom zoo, nws tawm lo lus kawg rau lwm tus neeg. Ib tus kws kho mob uas muaj npe nrov muaj ntau yam teeb meem hauv lub neej, piv txwv li, nws yuav kam siv nyiaj txhua lub sijhawm xwb.

Tab sis nws tsis faib nws lub neej mus rau hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab so, tej zaum qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tus kws tshawb fawb lub lag luam. Hauv tsev nws xav tias txog physics, tab sis tom haujlwm - tsuas so nws tus plig.

Graphene yog dabtsi

Txawm tias, txhua yam ua tau zoo hauv physics, txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm Novoselov yog tseem yog graphene. Cov qauv no, uas yog thawj zaug tau los ntawm kev kuaj mob los ntawm peb cov neeg sib raug zoo, yog ob txoj kab "kab sib chaws" ntawm carbon atoms nrog ib qho tuab ntawm ib qho me me xwb. Sam Novoselov sib cav hais tias kev siv tshuab tsis nyuaj thiab txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem tsim graphene, yuav luag yog los ntawm kev tsim kho. Nws hais tias nws txaus txaus yuav khoom siv graphite, txawm tias koj tuaj yeem siv tau xaum, thiab tseem siv me ntsis ntawm silicon substrates thiab scotch daim kab xev. Txhua yam, txheej txheem tsim graphene yog npaj txhij! Li no, cov khoom yuav tsis ua cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tuam txhab loj tshwj xeeb, Novoselov thiab Geim cia muab rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.

Amazing Properties

Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kho mob xav tsis thoob los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv no. Raws li nws, graphene yuav siv tau rau hauv transistors, uas lawv tabtom sim ua tam sim no hauv qee tuam txhab, hloov cov ntaub ntawv li ib txwm hauv txawb khoom.

Raws li Novoselov, graphene yuav revolutionize technology. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaj yeeb yam hauv siab yog cov khoom zoo kawg, cov pob tshab, hloov maj mam, tsis beating thiab nrog cov ua haujlwm loj. Yog tias cov graphene maj mam hloov ntau dua qub silicon, technology ntawm xinesmas yuav tshwm sim hauv lub neej.

Dab tsi ntxiv zoo txog Novoselov thiab Geim txoj kev tshawb fawb? Qhov tseeb hais tias lawv yuav luag tam sim ntawd migrated los ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam mus rau lub conveyors, thiab txawm ntau - twb tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo.

Technologies ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej

Qhov twg yog qhov graphene tam sim no? Nws yuav zoo li tias tsis ntev los no qhib cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis tau sib kis, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov no yog tseeb li ntawd. Zoo siv tag nrho cov kev txhawj xeeb yog tseem sim nyob rau hauv qhov thiab tsis tso rau hauv ntau ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv no yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab, uas, kab tias, tuaj yeem hu ua "graphene ua npaws" tiag tiag.

Graphene nws tus kheej, txawm nws lub cev nyhav thiab qhov yuav luag tag nrho (nws absorbs 2% ntawm lub teeb kis, raws nraim tib yam li qhov rais qhov rai), cov khoom tseem ruaj heev. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias graphene hmoov sib tov nrog cov yas. Qhov no yog vim li cas thiaj muab cov khoom siv uas tsis tshua muaj zog uas yuav siv tau rau txhua qhov chaw, los ntawm cov rooj tog thiab cov xov tooj txawb ntawm tes kom mus rau kev lag luam hluav taws xob.

Los ntawm graphene, prototypes ntawm accumulators rau hluav taws xob muaj twb tau tsim. Lawv muaj peev xwm thiab cov sijhawm luv luv. Tej zaum qhov no yog li cas qhov teeb meem nrog hluav taws xob tsheb yuav daws, thiab kev thauj yuav ua pheej yig thiab tus phooj ywg zoo.

Graphene yog siv nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho ntawm cov kev sib tham tshiab tuav rau cov xov tooj. Yog hais tias tus classic sensors tsuas ua haujlwm rau ib lub tiaj tiaj, ces graphene no tsis muaj deprived, vim nws yuav bent li koj nyiam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yuav ua rau cov lus teb tsawg tsawg.

Nyob rau hauv aviation

Zoo li cov cuaj luaj thiab aircraft ua nrog siv graphene yuav ntau lub sij hawm sib zog, uas yuav zoo heev txo nqi roj. Cov kev lag luam yuav ua kom pheej yig tias txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm them taus mus rau lwm sab ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tab sis, ntxiv rau cov neeg caij tsheb npav, qhov no yuav cuam tshuam, tau kawg, thiab xa khoom. Lub zog ntawm cov chaw sab nraud ntawm cov ntiaj chaw yuav zoo dua, uas txhais tau tias ntau tus neeg yuav nyob thiab ua haujlwm rau ntawd.