Tiam computer: lub rooj, yam ntxwv thiab keeb kwm. Yuav ua li cas yog meant by lub sij hawm "computer tiam"?

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm niaj hnub computers, uas peb yeej ib txwm mloog, preceded los ntawm ib tug tag nrho evolution nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer technology. Raws li nrov ziag, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer kev lag luam mus los ntawm ntau cov tiam.

Niaj hnub nimno cov kws txawj yuav ntseeg tau hais tias lawv rau. Tsib ntawm lawv twb coj qhov chaw, lwm - nyob rau txoj kev. Yuav ua li cas raws nraim lub sij hawm "tiam ntawm computers" to taub NWS-tshwj xeeb? Yuav ua li cas yog cov muaj siv txawv ntawm tus neeg lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm computer technology?

Tom qab mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub computer

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub computer rau 5 tiam, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nthuav thiab exciting. Tab sis ua ntej peb kawm txog nws, nws yuav pab tau kom paub tias cov lus muaj tseeb hais txog dab tsi ua ntej txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hauj dlaws computers.

Cov neeg tau yeej ib txwm nrhiav los txhim kho cov txheej txheem muaj feem xyuam rau suav, suav. Historians pom tias cov cuab yeej rau ua hauj lwm nrog cov zauv, muaj cov neeg kho tshuab xwm, tau invented nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt thiab lwm lub xeev ntawm antiquity. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, European inventors yuav tsim lub mechanisms uas, nyob rau hauv particular, yuav tau xam periodicity ntawm daim tides.

Cov tsab ntawm niaj hnub computers, ib txhia kws ntseeg invented nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo tshuab Babbage, muaj ib tug xam programming zog. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua muaj li ntawd electronics siv. Lawv feem ntau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, hu xov tooj thiab xov tooj cua.

Nyob rau hauv 1915 nws tau tsiv mus rau Teb Chaws Asmeskas German teb chaws Herman Hollerith nrhiav tau lub tuam txhab IBM, tom qab ntawd los ua ib qho ntawm feem coj hom ntawm lub NWS-kev lag luam. Ntawm cov feem ntau sensational inventions Herman Hollerith steel punch cards, xyoo raws li cov thawj ntaub ntawv cab kuj thaum uas siv cov computer technology. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus 30s muaj yees uas tau tso cai los tham txog qhov pib ntawm lub computer era nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej. thawj computers nyob, uas tom qab ua classified raws li teej tug mus rau lub "thawj tiam".

tej yam tshwm sim ntawm ib tug computer

Qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum muaj qauv tshau rau classifying ib tug xam ntaus ntawv mus nrhiav computers, los yog computer kws txawj hu rau programmability. Qhov no coj mus rau lub hom tshuab, nyob rau hauv particular, txawv los ntawm lub laij lej, tsis muaj teeb meem li cas haib los yog tas los. Txawm tias thaum nws los txog rau lub cajmeem ntawm ib tug heev tsawg theem, thaum uas siv cov "sawv daws yuav thiab zeros" - lub kauj quab yuam. Raws li, sai li sai raws li lub tshuab tau invented, tej zaum, los ntawm lawv cov tsos npaum li cas los tshuab xam zauv, tab sis hais tias yuav tau programmed - lawv hu ua computers.

Lub sij hawm "computer tiam" txhais tau tias, feem ntau yog ib tug computer teej tug mus rau ib qho hauj tsim. Hais tias yog, raws li kev kho vajtse kev daws teeb meem, raws li nyob rau hauv uas lub computer yog khiav. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev npaj los ntawm tus kws txawj ntawm nws-division los ntawm tiam ntawm computers yog nyob deb ntawm cov pa (tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, muaj cov hloov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov computers, uas tsis yooj yim rau unambiguously ntaus nqi mus rau tej qho qeb).

Tom qab ua lub theoretical digression, peb yuav tau pib mus tshawb cov tiam computers. Lub rooj, nram qab no, yuav pab tau peb next nyob rau hauv txhua txhua periodization.

Tom ntej no peb yuav saib cov kev siv technology tshiab nta ntawm lub computers rau txhua qeb. Peb feature tiam ntawm computers yuav tsum tau txiav txim. Lub rooj uas peb muaj tam sim no mus txog, yuav tsum supplemented los ntawm lwm tus, uas yuav muaj feem rau pawg uas haum thiab tus txheej txheem tsis.

Peb nco ntsoov cov tseem ceeb caveat - nram qab no xav txog kev teem txog feem evolution ntawm computers, uas yog tam sim no feem ntau yog raug xa mus rau koj tus kheej. Muaj sib txawv kiag li cov chav kawm ntawm computers - tub rog, muaj. Muaj thiaj li hu ua "supercomputers". Lawv tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob - ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qhov teeb meem.

Tus thawj computers

Nyob rau hauv 1938, German engineer Konrad Tsuze constructs ib tug ntaus ntawv hu ua lub Z1, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 42nd tawm nws paub version - Z2. Nyob rau hauv 1943, ib tug xam tshuab invented English thiab hu nws "Colossus". Ib txhia kws txawj yuav ntseeg hais tias lub British thiab German tshuab thawj lub computer. Nyob rau hauv 1944, raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntse los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tsim ib tug xam tshuab li tus neeg Mis Kas. Tsim nyob rau hauv lub US computer hu ua "Mark kuv".

Nyob rau hauv 1946, American engineers ua ib tug me me kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm computer technology, tsim ib lub tshuab nqus tsev raj computer ENIAC, 1,000 lub sij hawm ntau ntau tshaj qhov "Mark kuv". Lwm nto moo American txoj kev loj hlob los ua tsim nyob rau hauv 1951 los ntawm ib tug computer, npe hu ua Uniake. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog hais tias nws yog tus thawj computer yog siv raws li ib tug coj mus muag khoom.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm uas, los ntawm txoj kev, koj lub computer yog twb txua Soviet engineers ua hauj lwm nyob rau Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm Ukraine. Peb txoj kev loj hlob hu ua SECM. Nws ua tau zoo, raws li kws txawj, yog lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov computers ua ke nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe.

Technological yam ntxwv ntawm thawj tiam computers

Ua tau, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm dab tsi kev txiav txim los ntawm tus thawj tiam ntawm computer txoj kev loj hlob? Tej NWS-tshwj xeeb xav txog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub hauv paus feem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev hlab. thawj tiam machines kuj muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv sab nraud nta - ib tug loj loj luaj li cas, ib tug heev loj zog noj.

Lawv laij hwj chim lawm kuj coj tus, nws yog ob peb txhiab Hertz. Txawm li cas los, cov thawj tiam ntawm computers uas muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv niaj hnub computers. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no tshuab code rau qhov kev pab cuam lub commands raws li cov ntaub ntawv teev nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb (siv punch phaib thiab electrostatic hlab).

thawj tiam ntawm computers yuav tsum tau lub siab tshaj plaws tib neeg kev txawj, siv lawv. Yuav tsum tau tsis tsuas mus rau cov muaj tshwj xeeb kev txawj ntse (qhia nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm nrog punch phaib, kev txawj ntse ntawm lub tshuab code, thiab lwm yam), tab sis, raws li ib tug txoj cai, kuj engineering paub nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm electronics.

Tus thawj tiam ntawm computers, raws li peb tau hais tias, yog twb RAM. Txawm li cas los, nws volume yog tsis tshua muaj neeg coj tus, nws muab tso rau nws nyob rau hauv cov pua pua, nyob zoo - nyob rau hauv txhiab ntawm bytes. Tus thawj nco modules rau computers yuav tsis yog yuav txwv kom muab zais li ib tug hluav taws xob tivthaiv. Lawv twb tau sau nrog ntim ntawm mercury nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlab. nco muaju twb tsau rau lawv cov chaw, thiab yog li cov ntaub ntawv muab khaws cia tseg. Txawm li cas los, kuj sai sai tom qab lub invention ntawm cov thawj computers nyob ntau tshaj cim xeeb raws li ferrite cores.

Qhov thib ob tiam ntawm computers

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer keeb kwm? Tiam computers pib tsim. Lub 60s yog kis computers siv tsis tau tsuas yog lub tshuab nqus tsev hlab, tab sis kuj semiconductors. Ho nce moos zaus chips - xam tau tias yog ib yam muaj qhia 100 txhiab Hertz thiab saum toj no .. Tuaj thawj magnetic disk raws li ib tug lwm txoj rau punched phaib. Nyob rau hauv 1964 IBM lub tuam txhab tau tso tawm godu tshwj xeeb cov khoom - ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub computer saib nrog dlej txaus yam ntxwv - 12-nti kab pheeb ces kaum, ib tug daws teeb meem ntawm 1024 los ntawm 1024 pixels thiab ib tug refresh tus nqi ntawm 40 Hz.

Tiam peb

Lub zoo kawg li thib peb tiam ntawm computers? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, muab tso rau koj lub computer nrog roj thiab semiconductors kev circuits, uas, sib nrug los ntawm computers, tau siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm yam electronic pab kiag li lawm.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm tau ntawm kev circuits tau qhia rau lub ntiaj teb no los ntawm lub dag zog ntawm engineer Jack Kilby thiab lub tuam txhab Texas seev nyob rau hauv 1959. Jack tsim ib tug me me qauv tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub phaj ntawm germanium hlau, uas yog yuav tsum hloov lub complex semiconductor designs. Nyob rau hauv lem, Texas seev lub tuam txhab tsim ib lub computer, ua ke rau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Feem ntau cov notably, nws yog 150 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li tus zoo xws li cov kev kawm semiconductor computer. kev Circuit Court technology tau tsim ntxiv. Tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no ua si ib txoj kev tshawb no Roberta Noysa.

Cov kev kho vajtse Cheebtsam yog tso cai, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, mus txo qhov luaj li cas ntawm computers. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv computer kev ua tau zoo. Qhov thib peb tiam computers yus muaj los ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib lub computer nrog lub moos zaus, qhia twb nyob rau hauv megahertz. Txo hwj chim noj thiab kuj computers.

Peb tau kev zoo dua cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv technology thiab cov zauv lawv nyob rau hauv RAM modules. Raws li rau RAM, ferrite ntsiab ua ntau capacious, technologically lawm. Muaj prototypes thawj, thiab ces tus thawj version diskettes siv raws li ib tug sab nraud cia nruab nrab. Lub architecture ntawm lub PC nyob cache pamyat.Standartnoy puag ncig sis ntawm cov neeg siv thiab cov computer yog cov zaub qhov rais.

Nws tshwm sim ntxiv txhim kho software Cheebtsam. Muaj tau full-fledged operating system yog tsim los ntawm cov feem ntau ntau haiv neeg daim ntawv thov software, peb tau ua tswvcuab multitasking tswvyim nyob rau hauv computer ua hauj lwm. Qhov thib peb-tiam computers tshwm sim kev pab cuam xws li database tswj systems, thiab software rau automation uas tsim ua hauj lwm. Muaj ntau ntau programming lus thiab kev kawm tsis pub dhau uas tus creation ntawm software.

plaub-tiam nta

Qhov thib plaub tiam ntawm computers yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tshwm sim los ntawm kev circuits teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv loj, raws li zoo raws li lub thiaj li hu ua loj heev scale. Lub architecture ntawm lub PC nyob ua nti - processor. Computers nyob rau hauv configuration yog los ze zog mus zoo tib yam cov pej xeem. Lawv siv tau ua tau nrog cov yam tsawg kawg nkaus peev xwm kev cob qhia, thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug computer ua ntej lawm tiam yuav tsum tau kev txawj ntse. RAM modules tau ua tsis nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm ferrite ntsiab, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm CMOS-nti. Los ntawm cov plaub tiam ntawm computers thiab yog txais mus thawj computer kua, sau nyob rau hauv 1976 los ntawm Steve hauj lwm thiab Stefanom Voznyakom. Muaj ntau NWS-kws txawj ntseeg tau hais tias cov kua - tus thawj tus kheej lub computer nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Plaub tiam computers kuj coincided nrog cov popularization ntawm hauv Internet. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm uas muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu hom niaj hnub no software kev lag luam - Microsoft. Muaj cov thawj version ntawm lub operating system uas peb paub niaj hnub no - qhov rais, MacOS. Computers tau ua lug daim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

fifth tiam

Lub heyday ntawm plaub tiam ntawm computers - nruab nrab-lig 80s. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 90s ntawm lub NWS-technology ua lag luam txheej txheem pib mus rau qhov chaw, uas tau pib suav ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm computers. Peb yuav tau tham txog teeb meem loj kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub engineering thiab kev achievements, coupled rau lub processor. nti architecture nyob attributable mus rau lub hom thaum uas tig mus vector.

Lub tsib tiam ntawm computers - nws yog zoo kawg pace tshuab productivity txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm lub xyoo mus rau xyoo. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 90 lub moos ceev ntawm Microprocessors nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm megahertz, mas suav hais tias ib tug zoo hais, los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub 2000s, tsis muaj ib tug yog tag gigahertz. Computers uas peb siv niaj hnub no, yog ntseeg kom NWS-cov kws txawj - nws tseem yog lub thib tsib tiam ntawm computers. Hais tias yog, tus hauj lub hauv paus thaum ntxov 90 lub tseem tseem ceeb.

PC teej tug mus rau lub thib tsib tiam, tau ua tsis yog computers, thiab high-qib multi-xov xwm cov cuab yeej. Yuav kom lawv nws twb tau rau mount films, ua hauj lwm nrog cov dluab, cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab suab thiab tsim engineering tej yaam num khiav tiag 3D-kev ua si.

Nta ntawm lub thib rau tiam

Nyob rau hauv lub yav tom ntej, raws li kws tshuaj ntsuam, peb yuav tsum paub tias 6 tiam ntawm computers yuav tshwm sim. Nws yuav tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev siv ntawm neural ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub chips siv lub processors nyob rau hauv ib tug faib network.

Performance computers nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no tiam yuav ntsuas, tej zaum, tsis muaj lawm nyob rau hauv gigahertz, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug fundamentally sib txawv hom ntawm xam units.

feature sib piv

Peb tau kawm txog lub cim computers. Cov nram qab no yuav pab tau peb next correlation ntawm computers teej tug mus rau ib tug qeb los yog lwm, thiab cov kev siv technology tshiab los luj rau ntawm uas lawv lub lag luam yog ua raws li. Nyob rau nram qab no:

Nws kuj yog ib tug pab tau visualization ntawm lub correlation ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab tej tiam computers. Lub rooj, uas peb tam sim no kos li, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam no txawv. Peb yuav raws li ib lub hauv paus ib parameter hu ua moos zaus.

Yog li, peb visualized tus yuam sij hauj nta rau txhua tiam ntawm computers. Lub rooj xa los ntawm tej yam ntawm peb, yuav pab kom peb correlate lub duas paub tsis thiab ib lub qeb ntawm computers nrog kev xav txog ib tug theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer technology.