Sulfuric acid. Formula, zog, kev npaj thiab kev siv

Sulfuric acid yog lub keeb kwm lub npe: roj ntawm vitriol. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm acid pib nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nyob rau hauv nws sau, nws yog piav: lub Greek tus kws kho mob Dioscorides, lub Roman naturalist Pliniy Starshy, lub Islamic alchemists Geber, Razi thiab Ibn Sina thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv Sumer muaj ib daim ntawv teev vitriol, uas yog txwv kom muab zais los ntawm cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, lo lus "vitriol" koom siab ua ke crystalline hydrates sulfates ntawm divalent hlau.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, Dutch, German chemist Johann Glauber sulfuric acid tau los ntawm burning leej faj nrog poov tshuaj nitrate (KNO3) nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm pa dej. Nyob rau hauv 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (tus kws muab tshuaj los ntawm London), qhov no txoj kev yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov. Qhov no lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau ntshai raws li ib tug taw tes rau ntawm reference, thaum ib tug twb tau loj scale pib yuav tsum tau ua sulfuric acid. Nws Formula (H2SO4), feem ntau lam xav yuav tsum tau ntsia Swedish chemist Berzelius (1779-1848) uas ntsiag to tom qab.

Berzelius siv alphabetic cim (xws tshuaj ntsiab) thiab sab cov codes (qhia los ntawm tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv lub molecule, atoms ntawm cov muab hom) pom hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv muaj 1 leej faj atom (S), ob tug hydrogen atoms (H) thiab 4 oxygen atom (O ). Txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm, nws los ua lub npe hu zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub molecule, uas yog, nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Science News for KIDS piav sulfuric acid.

Cov yam ntxwv mis, uas qhia graphically lub kev sib nrig sib kho ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule thiab cov tshuaj bonds nruab nrab ntawm lawv (lawv feem ntau yog denoted los ntawm kab) qhia hais tias qhov chaw ntawm lub molecule yog ib tug leej faj atom uas yog muab ob npaug rau sib raug zoo rau ob oxygen atoms. Nrog rau lwm yam ob oxygen atoms rau txhua yam uas yog txuas ib hydrogen atom, cov leej faj atom kuj cob cog rua ntawm ib bonds.

zog

Sulfuric acid - tsis muaj kob los yog me ntsis daj, khov kua, soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej nyob rau tag nrho ntau. Nws yog ib tug muaj zog mineral acid. Acid yog ib co corrosive rau hlau (feeb meej ua num ua ke nrog hlau tsis muaj cua sov, thiab nws passivates) pob zeb, tsiaj ntaub so ntswg los yog lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Nws muaj hygroscopicity thiab ib tug cov lus hais muaj zog oxidant zog. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm 10.4 ° C acid solidifies. Thaum rhuab mus rau 300 ° C yuav luag 99% acid loses leej faj trioxide (SO3).

Nws cov khoom hloov nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm ib tug aqueous tov. Muaj ntau cov npe yog acid daws teeb meem. Dilute acid yog pom tias yuav yog 10%. Rechargeable - los ntawm 29 mus 32%. Thaum ntau tsawg tshaj li 75% (raws li sau tseg nyob rau hauv ISO 2184) nws yog hu ua tus pej thuam. Yog hais tias lub concentration ntawm 98%, ces nws yuav sulfuric acid feeb meej. mis (Tshuaj los yog cov yam ntxwv) nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg mob tseem unchanged.

Thaum yaj nyob rau hauv feeb meej sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide los yog oleum yog tsim fuming sulfuric acid, nws mis tej zaum yuav tau sau ntawv raws li: H2S2O7. Net acid (H2S2O7) yog ib tug khoom muaj ib tug melting sov li ntawm 36 ° C. sulfuric acid co tshuaj tiv thaiv yus muaj los ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub nyob rau hauv loj nyiaj.

Kua acid yog reacted nrog ib tug hlau reacting uas exhibits muaj zog oxidant zog. Qhov no restores cov sulfuric acid, tsim mis tshuaj uas muaj txo (mus rau 4, 0 los yog -2) ib leej faj atom, yuav ua tau: SO2, S los yog H2S.

Nws reacts nrog non-hlau, e.g., carbon los yog leej faj:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Reacts nrog sodium tshuaj dawb:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl

Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug electrophilic hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug hydrogen atom txuas mus rau lub benzene lub nplhaib ntawm cov uas muaj ntxhiab compound rau -SO3H pab pawg neeg.

txais tos

Nyob rau hauv 1831, tus pin yog patented txoj kev muab H2SO4, uas yog tam sim no lub ntsiab. Niaj hnub no feem ntau ntawm cov sulfuric acid yog ua siv tus qauv no. Cov raw cov ntaub ntawv siv sulphide ore (feem ntau yog hlau pyrite FeS2), uas yog hlawv nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb furnaces, li no txoj kev ua ib calcined roj. Txij li thaum cov roj kub yog sib npaug zos rau 900 ° C, ces nws twb txias sulfuric acid nrog ib tug concentration ntawm 70%. Cov pa roj nyob rau hauv lub cyclone thiab cov electrostatic precipitator yog ntxuav los ntawm hmoov av nyob rau hauv ntxuav yees nrog ib tug acid concentration ntawm 40 thiab 10% ntawm cov catalyst tshuaj lom (As2O5 thiab fluorine), ntub dej electrostatic precipitators ntawm acid aerosol. Tom ntej no, lub calcined roj uas muaj 9% leej faj dioxide (SO2), qhuav thiab pub rau cov kev sib cuag apparatus. Dhau los ntawm 3 khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm vanadium catalyst, SO2 yog oxidized rau SO3. Yuav kom yaj tsim leej faj trioxide, concentrated sulfuric acid yog siv. Formula tshuaj ntawm cov leej faj trioxide (SO3) nyob rau hauv anhydrous sulfuric acid yog H2S2O7. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no oleum nyob rau hauv steel tso tsheb hlau luam yog conveyed rau tus neeg uas nws yog diluted mus rau lub yam concentration.

daim ntawv thov

Vim txawv tshuaj zog, H2SO4 muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau npe. Nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov acid nws tus kheej, raws li tus ntsha nyob rau hauv ib tug ua-acid roj teeb los tsim ntau yam tshuaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb reactant nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv qhuav: alcohols, yas, dyes, roj hmab, ester, adhesives, foob pob, soaps thiab detergents, pharmaceuticals, sis plawv hniav thiab cov ntawv, cov roj.