Subject teb nyob rau hauv Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov tus kwv huam hais txog lub teb

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov, yog yeej yog ib qhov loj tshaj Lavxias teb sab paj huam, uas nws lub npe tau coj cov ntawv ntawm peb lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb lub koob meej. Nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm nws cov muab rau ib tug par nrog xws li zoo geniuses li Alexander Pushkin thiab NV Gogol.

Lub ntsiab tswv yim lub sij hawm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug: Romantic (1828-1832), cov kev hloov (1833-1836) thiab paub tab (1837-1841). Subject teb nyob rau hauv Lermontov sau los ntawm tag nrho cov nws ua hauj lwm.

Txij li thaum lub nruab nrab-1830s, cov kws sau paj lug pib kom tau nws tshwj xeeb romantic conception ntawm lub keeb kwm thiab kev sib raug zoo cov txheej txheem, tsim nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub European philosophical loog thiab historiography (AV Schlegel, Hegel GF, GG Gervinus Thiab z. Herder li al.), raws li zoo raws li Lavxias teb sab thiab European ntaub ntawv (Schiller, Goethe, Bestuzhev, W. Scott, N. Field, K. Ryleev, thaum ntxov Gogol thiab lwm tus).

Kev sib txuas lus rau lub sij hawm thiab tiam

Raws li hais I. Goethe, cov artist yuav tsum xav tias qhov no txheej txheem raws li cov phiajcim ua ke yav dhau los thiab tam sim no. Raws li GG Gervinus, muaj tswv yim neeg raws li ib tug tswv cuab ntawm nws yuav tsum tau los ua ib tug fighter "nyob rau hauv cov tub rog ntawm txoj hmoo." Hmoo yog to taub raws li lub realization ntawm lub nyob mus ib txhis kev twb kev txuas ntawm yav tom ntej thiab yav dhau los txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no.

Realizing nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo li luag hauj lwm, Lermontov yuav siv sij hawm qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus tib neeg tus. Hnov lub kev twb kev txuas ntawm tiam thiab cov muaj hnub nyoog, Mikhail nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yuav los ntawm lawv cov ua txoj kis. Lub muaj tiag yog txwv nyob rau hauv pem yog vim li cas lub heroic yav dhau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg. Nws tiv thaiv cov kev siv, kev tseem ceeb ua los ntawm kev hlub muaj tseeb, uas coj cov neeg ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug heev tsim zej zog, muab tso rau lawv nyob rau ib theem tshiab kev coj tsis ncaj thiab sab ntsuj plig rau lawv tus kheej realization thiab kev loj hlob.

Cwm pwm-zaj dabneeg-nyob mus ib txhis

Contrasting yav dhau los tam sim no, Lermontov, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov thiab cov motherland uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv ntau tej hauj lwm, raws li VF Egorova, xav kom cais los ntawm cov mis ntawm "leejtwg-keeb kwm-nyob mus ib txhis" nruab nrab tivthaiv. Protesting tiv thaiv keeb kwm, Mikhail pom nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub foob ntawm cov kawm tiam ntawm inaction thiab apathy (cov paj huam "Duma") thiab ib tug ceeb toom ntawm lub glorious heroic dhau los ntawm cov neeg ( "Borodino").

DS Merezhkovsky debunks lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm lub liam Solovyov "demonic" Lermontov. Nws hais tias tej zaum, nyeem ntawv niaj hnub ntaub ntawv, nws unwittingly xav tshwm sim hais tias nws twb sab sab Lavxias teb sab kev muaj tiag. Kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov xeem tsib caug xyoo nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev muaj tiag, tus sau sau, puas. Qhov no yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Lermontov.

"Song txog Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich"

"Song txog Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..." yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ib epic ntawv nyeem tsim los ntawm tus sau raws li ib tug npau suav, ib tug npau suav ntawm lub legendary glorious yav dhau los thaum lub Lavxias teb sab tau "waking neeg" muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug muab txi, ib tug heroic ua thiab puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm ntau dua lub hom phiaj, " nyob mus ib txhis txoj kev cai "ua inducing ib tug neeg mus rau tej heroic deeds. Lawv tseem muaj ib tug me ntsis lawm, tab sis mus ib txhis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg, los ntawm combining "instant" mus rau "nyob mus ib txhis". Subject teb nyob rau hauv Lermontov feem ntau qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev ua, uas, raws li Mikhail Yurevich, roos ib tug ntxiv mythological legends yog rau cov artist thiab cov kws ntawv raws li Alexander hais tias, Pushkin, "muaj kev zoo siab" tshaj keeb kwm puas.

Cov lyrics ntawm ib tug tshiab hom

Lermontov tsim nws cov paj huam lub lyrics ntawm ib tug tshiab hom ua ke rau hauv ib tug ncaj qha kev sis raug zoo ntawm kev lig kev cai, keeb kwm thiab tus kheej kev kawm txawj thiab qhov tseeb philosophical thought. Nws kuj tsim los ntawm nqhis dej ntawm hauv ntiajteb no muaj kev zoo siab thiab kev txawj ntse thiaj yuav, generalization thiab koj tus kheej passions thiab cwj pwm txawv, yam dawb ceev, metaphysical lo lus thiab txhua hnub hais lus.

Lermontov raug raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tseem ceeb philosophical tswv yim txog tus neeg thiab tib neeg (Kant, GWF Hegel, Schelling, Fichte IG li al.), Tab sis tsis tau muab kev xaiv li cas rau ib yam ntawm lawv. Nws poetic xav tig mus rau hauv ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm yus tus kheej-kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub txog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, los kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm rationalism thiab subjectivism philosophy xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub Romanticism, xa disharmony kawm kev muaj tiag, rushing mus nrhiav txoj sab ntsuj plig qhov tseem ceeb.

KUV Lermontov, raug lead lom rau tragic teeb meem uas niaj hnub Russia thiab xav tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, pheej nrhiav ntau txoj kev yuav rov qab mus ib tug neeg mus rau ib lub teb chaws tag nrho, cov neeg, cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm Vajtswv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub kws sau paj lug, assimilate thiab zom cov achievements ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab lub ntiaj teb no ntawm poetic xav, kuv qhib lub zeem muag rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia - symbolist paj huam milestone 19th thiab 20th centuries, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho cov yav tom ntej ntawm cov paj huam.

Subject teb nyob rau hauv cov paj huam Lermontov qhib nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim lub sij hawm ntawm kev hloov. Nrog lub hwj chim thiab expressiveness ntawm Lermontov embodied ntiaj teb no ntawm yaam puab paub thiab cov tswv yim tsim ntawm sab ntsuj plig tus ntawm kev kawm hloov lub sij hawm. Tsim raws li ib tug kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv tus ciam ntawm expansion ntawm lub feudal serf system thiab cov tsis muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws yog powerfully qhia no intermediate xeev siab, rhuav lub chains shackling nws tus qub tswv yim, tab sis tseem tsis nrhiav tshiab cov me nyuam yaus.

KUV Lermontov. Teb koj chaw: ntsiab thiab lub tswv yim

Subject teb nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Lermontov, lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus neeg thiab lub xeev yuam Mikhail Yurevich nkag tau rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm mob zoo thiab socio-philosophical teeb meem. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog tsis tiav, raws li cov duab nyob rau hauv lub notion ntawm lub kws sau paj lug yog tsis yog ib tug txheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg thiab tus neeg, saib los ntawm lub foundations ntawm universal xwm.

"Duma"

Cwm pwm qhia tau hais tias Lermontov nyob rau hauv lus tsis sib xws rau tag nrho cov ntiaj teb no uas yog zoo, tab sis feem ntau txaus ntshai rau nws tsis kam muab ntawm txhua yam uas fettered txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm lofty dee. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub kws sau paj lug puv nws lub contemporaries. Nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "Duma," sau nyob rau hauv 1838, ib tug tu siab kev xav ntawm tiam, ibtxhi mus los ntawm lub neej tsis tau tawm hauv ib tug kab nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, hloov nws hluas zog tuaj tus npau suav ntawm ib tug romantic heroism.

Lermontov muaj kev seb yuav qhia rau nws lub contemporaries qhov tseeb txog lub deplorable teeb meem no nyob rau hauv uas muaj lawv lub siab xav thiab ntsuj plig. Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm Mikhail Yurevich, nws yog ib tug neeg tsis muaj zog, tsis muaj zog-willed, cowardly tiam nyob tsis muaj kev cia siab rau lub neej yav tom ntej. Qhov no yog lub kws sau paj lug txoj kev kawm yog tej zaum nyuaj tshaj kam rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lawv lub teb chaws thiab nws cov kev ywj pheej los tuag saum tus Scaffold. Vim hais tias tsis tsuas Lermontov cov yeeb ncuab, tab sis txawm cov uas nws qhia no tu siab qhov tseeb, Mikhail Yurevich liam ntawm slandering cov kawm zej zog. tsuas yog VG Belinsky nrog nws zoo kawg li kev pom yuav tau pom nyob rau hauv lub "chilled thiab zoo-natured" cwj pwm mus rau lub neej Lermontov txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub koob meej thiab meej mom ntawm tib neeg lub neej.

Ib tug feat nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus motherland

Mikhail tsis xav tau thiab yuav tsis zais nws xav. Tag nrho cov kwv huam, dramas, kwv huam thiab xwm txheej los ntawm nws cwj mem nyob rau hauv lub tsug kaum peb lub xyoo ntawm khaus creativity - qhov no yog tiag tiag ib tug feat nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus motherland thiab txoj kev ywj pheej. Subject teb nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Lermontov yog reflected tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub glorification ntawm Lavxias teb sab yeej nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Borodino", nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov kab "Kuv hlub cov fatherland ...", tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm tej hauj lwm, uas tsis yog cov tham txog txoj kev ywj pheej, tsis yog hais txog lub teb, tab sis rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug, txoj hmoo ntawm lub tiam, lub senseless bloodshed, kho siab neeg raug txim, tsis muaj dabtsis ntawm lub neej, exile. Recalling nws kawm tiam ntawm lub heroic dhau los ntawm cov neeg ( "Song txog Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich", "Borodino"), nws hais tias txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim thiab heroic tib neeg muaj peev xwm, uas muaj peev xwm kov yeej lub kev txom nyem ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej, lub keeb kwm thiab lub tam sim no qhov teeb meem. Hlub rau Lermontov teb yog active, kev ua.

Lermontov tus hero nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Los ntawm Andreya Shene" qhia rau qhov yuav tsum tau rau pej xeem txiav txim nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm, "10 Lub Xya hli ntuj 1830" thiab "Lub Xya hli ntuj 30 (Paris) thaum xyoo 1830" Nws nrhiav kev los mus koom nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary battles thiab txais tos cov neeg koom, nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "twv ua ntej" ntawm nws paintings attracted cov uprising.

Teb koj chaw nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lyric

Cov heroes ntawm thaum ntxov paj huam - Byron thiab Napoleon - Mikhail kuj hu nkauj ib tug pej xeem ua. Txawm li cas los, nws kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov revolutionary upheavals, zoo li tus hero ntawm volitional txiav txim Napoleon, yog contradictory. Lermontov sau hais tias ib tug fateful lub xyoo thaum lub monarchy yog overthrown, cov neeg yuav tsum hlub tus huab tais, thiab "cov zaub mov ntawm ntau yog txoj kev tuag thiab cov ntshav." Piav daim duab - lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub uprising nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws - yog ib tug grim thiab txawv heev los ntawm dab tsi ib tug zoo siab lub sij hawm uas tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug hero. Nws yog ib lub apotheosis ntawm chaos, kev puas tsuaj, kev txom nyem tsis yog neeg.

"Twv ua ntej"

Nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "twv ua ntej", sau los ntawm tus kws sau paj lug txawm kaum nyob rau hauv xyoo 1830, Lermontov prophesies ntawm ntxhov teeb meem thiab cov tu siab yuav tshwm ntawm tej txheej xwm. Lub txaus ntshai daim duab ntawm lub executioner nws cim nyob rau hauv ib tug dub cloak. Qhov no ua piv txwv qhia daim duab ntawm impenetrable tsaus ntuj, pom tam sim no vim hais tias ntawm cov huab haus luam yeeb thiab ib tiam.

Twb tau nyob rau nws thaum ntxov kwv huam Lermontov qhia disbelief nyob rau hauv cov neeg thiab lub neej, tag kev cia siab. Tom qab ntawd, overcoming tus attraction Muse Byron, nws yog sim mus nrhiav kev pab txhawb nqa rau lawv cov hom phiaj nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag nws tus kheej. Subject teb nyob rau hauv Lermontov pib suab sib txawv. Nws qhia txog txoj kev hlub rau lub teb chaws (xav hais tias, rau Piv txwv li, lub "teb" ntawm nqe tsom xam ntawm Lermontov), ib tug zoo nkaus li ntawm cov phiajcim nrog cov xwm, yog hloov mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib raug zoo nrog lub ntug ( "Thaum lub vuag daj cornfield").

"Borodino"

Subject teb yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov paj huam "Borodino" nyob rau hauv Lermontov. Qhov no ua hauj lwm twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv "Kawm" nyob rau hauv 1837. Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov paj huam mus rov qab mus rau hauv thaum ntxov romantic kwv huam "Field ntawm Borodino." Lermontov nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas hloov cov thawj hauj lwm. Qhov chaw tsis paub hais tias hais lus, txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws volnolyubiya paub daws teeb, coj "txiv ntxawm" - heev prosaic hais dabneeg, raws li cov nqe lus tsom xam. Lermontov birthplace zoo xav zoo zoo vim hais tias ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, tej pathetic txheem qhov chaw tau raug ntxuav, tsis sib haum mus rau cov kev muaj tiag ntawm cov txheej xwm. Xws li huab cua, romantic cua daj cua dub, uas allegedly tshwm sim nyob rau lub tswv yim sib ntaus sib tua, tau raug hloov los ntawm ib tug ntshiab lub caij nplooj zeeg hmo ntuj, uas corresponded rau kev muaj tiag. Nws tsis yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev cai, zoo li nram qab no tiag tiag pov thawj ntawm lub kom loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim txiaj ntsim ntawm Lermontov. Yog li ntawd, "Borodino" yog ua ib tug par nrog tus loj tshaj masterpieces ntawm muaj tiag Lermontov lub "Phau," "teb koj chaw" thiab "Valerik".

Hloov ib hom ntawv nyeem

Lermontov tus kwv huam rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm "teb koj chaw" tau radically hloov thiab nws cov hom ntawv nyeem. Didactics dispute thaum ntxov "Borodino Field" tau raug supplanted ntuj, ironic didactics txhob txwm yooj yim thiab meej narrative. Cov khoom ntawm "Borodino" yog ib tug novelty. Tiamsis, nws yog ib tug didactic tshiab, nyob rau hauv uas lub scene ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua muab nyob rau hauv nws polemic rau ib tug inert, sluggish, apathetic, raws li cov kws sau paj lug, tiag tiag. Belinsky kho "Borodino" raws li lub duality ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas lub foreground - zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tug laus tub rog, muaj tiag portrayal ntawm scenes ntawm sib ntaus sib tua, nws saib, thaum lub sij hawm thib ob - tus bitterness ntawm reproach, contrasting yav dhau los thiab tam sim no, txoj kev ntseeg yog txawm muaj zog feem nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Duma".

Subject teb nyob rau hauv Lermontov yog inextricably txuas nrog lub tswvyim ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cov neeg. Belinsky sau hais tias Lermontov muaj tus ntsuj plig ntawm haiv neeg, merged nrog nws. Nco ntsoov rov hais tias cov kws sau paj lug ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm stagnation. Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo seb puas tsimnyog tau rau lo lus nug ntawm lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev thiab nws cov neej yav tom ntej. Mikhail Yurevich patriotic lawm sawv heev thaum ntxov thiab tom qab tau los ua tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Thaum tseem muaj ib tug me nyuam tub ntawm kaum tsib, KUV Lermontov, teb koj chaw ntsiab uas sau los ntawm tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm, sau tias: "kuv hlub lub tsev thiab ntxiv rau ntau ntau" (cov paj huam "Kuv pom tus duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm bliss ...").

Tus tshiab lyrical hero

Tom qab lub xyoo 1837 kev hloov ho lyrical hero: nws pib xav tias muaj sib npaug nrog lwm tus neeg, tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov ntsujplig phem. Txhais nws tus kheej raws li ib tug tsim txom los ntawm lub sij hawm, nws thiaj li thov nws tus neeg sawv cev. Muaj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab lwm tus neeg, txawm sab ntsuj plig, puab nrog lawv, tej zaum dhau mus ua ib tug transformation mus rau hauv ib tug tub rog los yog neeg raug txim ( "Neeg Zej Zog", "Neighbours", "Lub Raug Kaw Nkuaj," "raug txhom Knight"). Nyob rau hauv no approximation tus hero ntawm qheb tshiab. Nws xav pom tau tias kom txhob individualism, lub undecidability ntawm nws cov sab hauv contradictions, yuav sib zog nrhiav kev pab txhawb nqa rau lawv cov hom phiaj. Rov qab pib suab thiab lub ntsiab ntawm cov motherland nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Lermontov.

Lub cim daim duab ntawm lub motherland

Cov kws sau paj lug, ua romantic, thiab tsim ib lub cim generalized duab ntawm lawv lub teb chaws. Lermontov tus kwv huam rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm "teb koj chaw" depict nws raws li ib tug tej yam zoo tagnrho. Mikhail Lermontov, uas nws teb koj chaw muaj meant ib tug ntau ntxub cov neeg uas tsis muaj nws, pub dawb los ntawm kev txom nyem thiab kev mob siab. Nws piv lawv rau hauv cov huab (cov paj huam "Huab", 1840), yeej ib txwm txias thiab xoob, rushing sab qab teb ntawm bored barren cornfields.