Sodium nta. sodium Formula

Sodium - ib qho ntawm lub alkali hlau. Rooj tshuaj ntsiab qhia nws ua ib tug atom teej tug mus rau lub thib peb lub sij hawm thiab thawj pab pawg neeg.

lub zog

Nyob rau hauv seem no, sodium yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm physics yuav muab suav hais tias. Yuav pib nrog, nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, cov khoom nyiaj muaj ib tug nws yog xim hlau ci thiab ib tug tsawg hardness. Sodium yog li ntawd mos mos hais tias nws yuav muab tau yooj yim txiav nrog ib tug riam. Lub melting point ntawm no substance yog heev tsawg thiab xya caum cuaj degrees Celsius. Lub atomic luj ntawm sodium, heev me ntsis ntawm nws, peb mam li tham tom qab. Cov kev ceev ntawm lub hlau sib npaug zos rau 0.97 g / cm ^3.

Tshuaj characterization ntawm sodium

Qhov no lub caij muaj ib tug heev kev ua si - nws yog muaj peev xwm mus sai sai thiab hnov mob ua nruj ua tsiv nrog ntau lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib lub rooj tshuaj ntsiab los mus txiav txim ib tug muaj nqi xws li ib tug hniav puas loj - rau sodium nws yog nees nkaum peb. Ib tias - nws yog ib cov nyiaj ntawm tshuaj uas muaj 6,02 x 10 23 atoms degree (molecular yog hais tias tus complex tshuaj). Paub qhov hniav puas loj ntawm lub caij, nws yog ua tau los mus txiav txim yuav ua li cas npaum li cas yuav hnyav tej xov tooj ntawm moles veschetsva. Piv txwv li, ob moles ntawm sodium nyhav plaub caug-rau grams. Raws li twb hais saum toj no, lub active hlau - ib qho ntawm feem reactive, nws yog hais txog alkali, ntsig txog, nws muaj peev xwm tsim ib qho alkali oxide (muaj zog puag).

Raws li cov oxides tsim

Tag nrho cov tshuaj ntawm no pab pawg neeg, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sodium, yuav tau los ntawm combustion starting. Yog li, muaj ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau nrog rau oxygen, uas ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm oxide. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus hlawv plaub moles ntawm sodium ib lub tias ntawm oxygen siv thiab muab tau ob moles ntawm cov hlau oxide. Cov mis ntawm sodium oxide - Na ₂ O. kab zauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no: 4Na + O ₂ = 2Na ₂ O. Yog hais tias lub tshuaj ntxiv rau lub resulting dej tsim los ntawm cov alkali - NaOH.

Noj ib lub tias ntawm oxide thiab dej, peb tau ob tug mol ntawm ib lub hauv paus. Ntawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: Na ₂ O + H ₂ O = 2NaOH. Cov uas ua cov ntaub ntawv uas tseem hu ua caustic dej qab zib. Qhov no yog vim nws cov lus hais rau alkaline zog thiab siab tshuaj aktivnotyu. Raws li muaj zog acids, caustic dej qab zib reacts nrog ib tug tsaug zog hlau salts, organic tebchaw, thiab lwm yam Thaum lub sij hawm sib tham nrog cov ntsev pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim - .. Ib tug tshiab ntsev yog tsim thiab cov tshiab los luj. sodium hydroxide tshuaj tau yooj yim ua kom puas cov ntaub ntawv, daim tawv nqaij, rau tes, ces nws yuav tsum tau lub observance ntawm kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai thaum ua hauj lwm nrog nws. Ii sodium hydroxide nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam raws li ib lub hauv paus, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub raws li ib tug txhais tau tias kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm daig hlab.

Tshua nrog halogens

Nws yog ib tug yooj yim teeb meem, muaj raws ntawm cov tshuaj hais tias txheeb lub xya pab pawg neeg ntawm cov periodic system. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev no muaj xws li Fluoro, iodo, chloro, bromo. Sodium tau hnov mob nrog tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, txoj kev ua xws tebchaw li chloride / bromide / iodide / sodium tshuaj fluoride. Rau nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum noj ob moles ntawm cov hlau, ntxiv thereto ib lub tias ntawm fluoride. Cov no sodium tshuaj fluoride nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm ob moles. Qhov no txoj kev muaj peev xwm yuav sau raws li cov kab zauv: Na + F ₂ = 2NaF. Sodium fluoride, uas peb tau siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam hniav tiv thaiv cov hniav lwj, zoo li detergents rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm chaw. Ib yam li ntawd, thaum muab tshuaj muaj sodium tshuaj dawb (chav ua noj ntsev), sodium iodide, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov hlau halide teeb, sodium bromide, siv raws li ib tug medicament rau neuroses, insomnia, hysteria thiab lwm yam mob ntawm poob siab system.

Nrog lwm yooj yim tshuaj

Tsis tas li ntawd muaj sodium tshuaj tiv thaiv uas phosphorus, Sulfur (leej faj), carbon (carbon). Qhov no zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tshua yuav nqa tawm tsuas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb kev kho nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub. Yog li, muaj ib qho ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yuav siv tau kom tau xws tshuaj raws li sodium phosphide, sodium sulfide, sodium carbide.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, Symptoms ntawm cov hlau atoms mus rau lub phosphorus atoms. Yog hais tias peb coj peb moles ntawm cov hlau thiab ib lub tias ntawm lub thib ob feem, thiab ces thaum tshav kub kub, peb tau ib tug tias ntawm sodium phosphide. Qhov no tiv thaiv yuav yuav sau raws li cov nram qab no kab zauv: 3Na + = Na ₃ P P. Tsis tas li ntawd, sodium yuav hnov mob nrog nitrogen thiab hydrogen. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, ib tug nitride ntawm no hlau, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - hydride. Raws li cov piv txwv ntawm kev tshua tshuaj xws equation: 6Na + N2 = 2Na ₃ N; 2Na + H2 = 2NaH. Rau nqa tawm ntawm tus thawj sis yuav tsum tau hluav taws xob paug, lub thib ob - kub.

Tshua nrog acids

Nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim tshuaj tshuaj sodium yam ntxwv xaus. Qhov no hlau kuj reacts nrog tag nrho cov acids. Raws li ib tug ntawm xws li tshuaj cov kev sib tshuam tsim sodium ntsev thiab hydrogen. Piv txwv li, chav ua noj ntsev yog tsim thiab hydrogen, uas suab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau nrog hydrochloric acid. Yuav kom qhia no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: Na + HCl = NaCl + H _2. Qhov no zoo ntawm kev sis raug zoo no yog hu ua ib tug tshuaj hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nrog nws cov tuav kuj yuav ntsev xws li phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, sodium carbonate.

Sis nrog ntsev

Sodium reacts nrog ntsev ntawm co lwm yam tshaj li poov tshuaj thiab calcium (lawv muaj ntau dua reactivity tshaj lub caij nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, raws li nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los, lub hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim. Lub atoms ntawm cov hlau atoms yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntau sib tsis muaj zog hlau. Yog li, los ntawm nws ob moles ntawm sodium thiab ib lub tias ntawm magnesium nitrate tau sodium nitrate nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm ob moles, thiab ntshiab magnesium - ib tug mol. Sau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv yuav ua tau li ntawd: 2Na + Mg (TSIS MUAJ _{3) 2} = 2NaNO ₃ + Mg. Txoj ntsiab cai tib yuav tau thiab ntau ntau lwm yam sodium ntsev. Tsis tas li ntawd txoj kev no yuav tsum tau los ntawm hlau salts thereof.

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim hais tias koj ntxiv dej rau sodium

Qhov no yog tej zaum ib tug ntawm feem ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw. Thiab kuj pom tias ib tug hlau muaj peev xwm ntawm sib hnov mob nrog nws. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas twb sib tham saum toj no caustic dej qab zib los yog sodium hydroxide.

Yuav kom xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ob tug moles ntawm sodium, ntxiv cov dej, dhau lawm, nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm ob moles, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim peb tau ob moles ntawm hydroxide ib lub tias ntawm hydrogen uas cais raws li ib tug roj nrog ib tug pungent tsw.

Sodium thiab nws cov nyhuv on kab mob

Thaum pom tias lub active hlau los ntawm cov tshuaj taw tes ntawm view, peb npaj mus rau dab tsi sodium tib lom yam ntxwv. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ib txoj lw ntsiab. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib tug ntawm lub Cheebtsam ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm tes. Ntawm no, nws ua ib qho tseem ceeb functions: nrog poov tshuaj tswj membrane tej zaum, muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov tsim thiab hais tawm ntawm lub paj impulse ntawm lub hlwb yog ib tug tsim nyog caij rau osmotic tshuaj dab (uas yuav tsum tau, rau cov piv txwv, ua tau hauj lwm raum hlwb). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, sodium yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov dej-ntsev nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj qhov no tshuaj caij tsis tau thauj ntawm cov ntshav piam thaj, li ntawd, tsim nyog rau lub hauj lwm ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tsis tau no hlau yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm contraction ntawm cov leeg.

Qhov no txoj lw ntxhia uas yuav tsum tau tsis tsuas mus rau cov tsiaj - sodium nyob rau hauv lub cev tsob nroj kuj ua ib qho tseem ceeb functions: nws koom nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, pab thauj carbohydrates, raws li zoo raws li tsim nyog rau cov zaj uas lub organic thiab inorganic yam los ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Tshaj sodium thiab tsis muaj

By nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug muab tshuaj lub caij nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav ua rau ntau tau ntawm ntsev rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Cov tsos mob tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm sodium kub taub hau, o, txob taus, impaired raum muaj nuj nqi. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm tej tsos mob yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm rooj ntsev thiab cov khoom noj uas muaj ntau ntawm cov hlau (hauv daim ntawv yuav tsum tau qhia rau hauv qab no), ces nrhiav kev kho mob tam sim ntawd. Lub txo sodium cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub cev kuj ua rau yus tsis kaj siab tsos mob thiab mob ntawm lub nrog cev. Leach active tshuaj caij tau mob thawj coj ntawm diuretics los yog thaum siv nyob rau hauv cov dej haus xwb lim (distilled) dej nyob tawm hws thiab lub cev qhuav dej. Cov tsos mob ntawm tsis muaj sodium yog nqhis ib zaug li, qhuav ntawm daim tawv thiab txheej week, xeev siab thiab ntuav, tsis qab los noj mov, impaired nco qab thiab nkees, tachycardia, ua kom tiav cessation ntawm lub raum muaj nuj nqi.

Khoom nyob rau hauv uas ib tug ntau ntawm sodium

Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj siab dhau heev lawm los yog muaj tsawg tsawg heev nyob rau hauv lub cev yog ib tug tshuaj caij, nws yog tsim nyog los paub dab tsi khoom noj khoom haus nws feem ntau. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog rooj ntsev xa mus rau saum toj no. Nws comprises plaub caug feem pua ntawm cov sodium. Nws kuj yuav hiav txwv ntsev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov hlau uas muaj nyob hauv taum pauv thiab soy sauce. Ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm sodium cai nyob rau hauv nqaij ntses. Qhov no seaweed, feem ntau hom ntses, cw, pos i hws, roob ris nqaij, qe, thiab lwm yam qog nqaij hlav. Lub sodium cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lawv vim lub fact tias cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv ib lub ntsev nruab nrab uas muaj concentration ntawm ntsev ntawm ntau yam co uas tseem ceeb rau lub qub hauj lwm ntawm lub cev.

Kev siv cov no hlau thiab ib co ntawm nws cov tebchaw

Kev siv ntawm sodium nyob rau hauv lub lag luam yog muaj ntau yam heev. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Ntawm no nws yog tsim nyog los tsim tej yam tshuaj xws li hydroxide ntawm cov hlau, nws fluoride, sulfates thiab nitrates. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog siv raws li ib tug muaj zog txo neeg sawv cev - rau cov kev rho tawm ntawm dawb huv co ntawm lawv cov ntsev. Muaj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev sodium siv nyob rau hauv xws daim ntawv sau npe. Nws khoom no tsau nyob rau hauv GOST 3273-75. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov saum toj no-hais muaj zog kom txhob muaj thaj chaw ntawm sodium nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv metallurgy.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no tshuaj caij pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv famatsevticheskoy kev lag luam nyob qhov twg nws yog feem ntau tsim nyog los tau nws bromide, uas yog ib tug loj feem ntawm ntau sedatives thiab antidepressants. Tsis tas li ntawd, sodium yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua khiav nkaum teeb - cov no yog cov kaj daj lub teeb qhov chaw. Xws li ib tug tshuaj compound xws li sodium chlorate (NaClO _3), txav hluas cov nroj tsuag, li ntawd, nws yog siv rau kev tshem tawm ntawd los ntawm cov kev tsheb ciav hlau lem los mus tiv thaiv rau tom kawg overgrowth. Sodium cyanide yog dav siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam tau kub. Nrog nws, cov hlau yog tau los ntawm pob zeb.

Raws li npaj sodium

Feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau carbonate nrog carbon. Rau qhov no nws yog tsim nyog los ua cua sov rau cov ob cov ntaub ntawv mus rau ib tug kub ntawm txog ib txhiab degrees Celsius. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, qhov no ua ob tshuaj tebchaw xws li sodium thiab chadny roj. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug tias ntawm sodium carbonate nrog ob tug moles ntawm cov pa roj carbon tau ob moles ntawm yam hlau thiab peb moles ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv yuav sau raws li nram no: NaCO ₃ + 2C = 2Na + 3SO. Ib yam li ntawd, lub active tshuaj caij kuj yuav tau txais los ntawm lwm yam sib txuas.

zoo tshuaj

Lub xub ntiag ntawm sodium +, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam cations los yog anions yuav txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb tshuaj manipulations. Zoo lus teb rau cov sodium ion hlawv - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm xub ntiag ntawm nws cov nplaim taws yog xim nyob rau hauv daj.

Qhov uas koj ua tau raws li cov qhia txog tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Ua ntej, raws li tau hais tias, nws yog ib tug ntawm lub Cheebtsam ntawm ob tsiaj thiab cog hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd nws cov high ntau nyob rau hauv seawater. Tsis tas li ntawd, sodium yog muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm tej yam minerals. Qhov no, piv txwv li, sylvinite, mis - NaCl • KCl, raws li zoo raws li carnallite, uas nws mis KCl • MgCl ₂ • 6H ₂ O. Tus thawj ntawm cov muaj ib tug inhomogeneous qauv nrog alternating dawb lias qhov chaw, txiv kab ntxwv yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws cov xim, liab, xiav , liab. Qhov no mineral yog kiag li soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Carnallite, nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw ntawm tsim ntawm impurities thiab tej zaum kuj muaj ib tug txawv coloring. Nws yuav ua tau liab, daj, dawb dawb, lub teeb xiav thiab pob tshab. Nws muaj ib tug dim ci, lub teeb rays yog refracted nyob rau hauv nws xav. Cov ob minerals yog siv raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw rau zus tau tej cov hlau, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg: sodium, potassium, magnesium.

Zaum ntseeg tau hais tias cov hlau, uas peb saib nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov xwm raws li ib tug loj feem nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab yog ob thiab ib tug ib nrab feem pua.