Sculptor Donatello: biography, tej hauj lwm, cov duab

Donatello - yog ib tug Italian sculptor, ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub era ntawm thaum ntxov Renaissance, lub Florentine tsev kawm ntawv. Hais txog nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Biography ntawm tus sau yog tsis paub nyob rau hauv kom meej, yog li ntawd nws tau los qhia tsuas luv luv.

Luv luv biographical cov lus qhia txog lub sculptor Donatello

Lub neej yav tom ntej sculptor Donatello yug nyob rau hauv Florence nyob rau hauv 1386, tus tub ntawm Nikollo Di Betto Bardi - nplua nuj wool carder. Nws kawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1403-1407 nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntawm ib tug txiv neej npe hu Lorenzo Ghiberti. Muaj nws kawm, nyob rau hauv particular, tus txheej txheem ntawm bronze casting. Nyob rau hauv chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sculptor heev los ntawm paub nrog rau lwm cov txiv neej muaj koob - Filippo Brunelleschi. Ghiberti thiab Brunelleschi tseem lub neej cov phooj ywg wizard.

Dzhordzho Vazari hais tias lub sculptor Donatello yog ib tug heev lub siab dawb siab txiv neej, heev paub cai, kho cov phooj ywg zoo heev, yeej tsis tsis muab qhov tseem ceeb rau cov nyiaj. Nws cov thwj tim thiab cov phooj ywg tau coj los ntawm nws ntau li ntau raws li lawv xav tau.

Lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm creativity

Cov kev ua ntawm no sculptor nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov, nyob rau hauv lub 1410s, twb txuam nrog kiag txiav txim, uas nws muab rau decorate ntau yam pej xeem tsev nyob rau hauv Florence. Rau vaj tse Los San Michele (façade) ua ib tug Donatello pej thuam ntawm St. George (lub sij hawm los ntawm 1415 txog 1417) thiab St. Mark (1411 rau 1413). Nyob rau hauv 1415, nws sau cov pej thuam ntawm St. Ioanna Evangelista, dai Florence Cathedral.

Siv cov kev faib Commission nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo rau lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub Campanile qhia rau txim tuag lub pej thuam los Donatello cov yaj saub. Lawv creation wizard nws ua hauj lwm rau ze li ntawm ob xyoo lawm (los ntawm 1416 nyob rau hauv 1435). Tsib nuj nqis nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral Tsev khaws puav pheej. "David" pej thuam thiab cov yaj saub (hais txog 1430-1432 xyoo) tseem lom zem ntau txuam nrog lub ces lig Gothic kev lig kev cai. Kev phov nrov zoo nkauj atherosclerosis subordinate daim duab, zoo kawg nkaus uniformly kho lub ntsej muag thiab lub cev them nrog hnyav khaub ncaws. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov tsim yaam tshab nws yog ua kom qhia ib tug tshiab zoo tagnrho ntawm nws muaj hnub nyoog - cov heroic neeg cwm pwm - Donatello. Sculptor tej hauj lwm tsim ib tug ntau yam, nyob rau hauv uas manifested no tagnrho. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog noticeable nyob rau hauv cov duab sib txuas lus. Mark (1412), St. George (1415), raws li zoo raws li hu ua Hanpaku tau thiab Yelemi (xyoo ntawm creation - 1423-1426). Maj mam ntaub ntawv kom meej, ua ib tagnrho, portrait hloov cov raug ntsej muag, thiab lub folds ntawm garments hnav khaub ncaws rau hauv lub cev lawm, nws ob lub zog thiab dabtsi yog khoov.

John XXIII Ntxa

Sculptor Donatello tsim ua ke nrog Michelozzo qhov ntxa ntawm John XXIII nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1425 mus 1427. Nws tau los ua ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm uas tau siv rau cov tom qab tombs teej tug mus rau lub Renaissance. Long-term kev koom tes nruab nrab ntawm ob sculptors pib nrog no ua hauj lwm.

Casting nuj nqis nyob rau hauv bronze

Donatello nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1420 tus, hais txog lub casting ntawm bronze nuj nqis. Nyob rau hauv no cov ntaub ntawv uas, nws thawj ua hauj lwm - ib tug pej thuam ntawm Louis ntawm Toulouse, uas twb tau txiav txim kom nws nyob rau hauv 1422 los decorate lub niche nyob rau hauv Los San Michele. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem zoo kawg li monuments, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam kev nkag siab txog cov kev dawb huv ntawm tus kheej kev feat, prevailed nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance.

Pej thuam ntawm David

Lub ncov ntawm creativity ntawm no tswv nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm bronze yog lub pej thuam ntawm David, tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm 1430-1432 xyoo. Nws yog tsim los, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub medieval duab puab nyob rau round trip. Lwm innovation yog lub ntsiab ntawm nudity, uas nyob Donatello. Sculptor David portrayed liab qab, tsis nyob rau hauv robes, raws li yog cov kev cai ua ntej, cov thawj lub sij hawm txij li thaum lub Nrab Hnub nyoog raws li realistically thiab nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug loj scale.

Lwm yam tej hauj lwm los ntawm Donatello, hais txog lub 1410-th - qhov pib ntawm 1420-ies - daim duab ntawm ib tug tsov ntxhuav carved los ntawm sandstone - lub emblem ntawm Florence, ib tug ntoo crucifix rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov raug Croce, bronze reliquary rau lub Ognissanti lub tsev teev ntuj, bronze pej thuam, nyob rau hauv lub National tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Florence nyob rau hauv hu ua "Amorin Attis," uas yog, thaj, cov duab ntawm lub ancient deities ntawm fertility Priapus.

Cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nyem

Lub thwmsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nyem nyob rau Donatello yog tseem revolutionary. Lub quest rau muaj tiag duab sculptor illusionary qhov chaw ua rau yus lub creation ntawm lub flattened topography, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim tob yog tau siv tagnrho cov gradation. Yuav pab tau lub spatial illusion ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm txoj kev ncaj qha foundations. "Yog nqus tau" txaug, sculptor zoo rau tus kws uas sau artist lub paintings. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg no xws tej hauj lwm raws li "Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm George thiab cov zaj", "Pazzi Madonna", "tsiab peb caug ntawm Helauj thiaj li", "Ascension ntawm Mary" thiab lwm tus neeg. Architectural tom qab nyob rau hauv lub picturesque toj roob hauv pes ntawm cov wizard yog muaj, siv cov kev cai ntawm ncaj qha kev xav. Nws muaj peev xwm ua ob peb spatial aav nyob rau hauv uas lub cim yog.

Ib qho chaw twg mus rau tim Loos, lub thib ob Florentine lub sij hawm

Sculptor Donatello nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub yim hli ntuj 1432 rau lub Tsib Hlis 1433rd nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos. Ntawm no nws thiab Brunelleschi obmeryaet monuments ntawm lub nroog, kawm ua tus duab puab ancient. Nyob hauv zos, raws li cov lus dab neeg, suav hais tias ob tug phooj ywg ntawm zoov. Roman impressions tau reflected nyob rau hauv xws tej hauj lwm raws li ib thaj neeb teeb rau Capella del Sacramento commissioned Eugene IV (Pope), "Annunciation" (txwv tsis pub - Thaj neeb Cavalcanti, saib cov duab hauv qab no.) Hu nkauj grandstand ntawm ib tug Florentine pawg sab laj thiab txheej Dept., ua rau lub Cathedral nyob rau hauv Prato (lub sij hawm ntawm creation - 1434-1438 xyoo).

Donatello achieves txoj classicism nyob rau hauv nyem ntawm "Lub tsiab peb caug ntawm Helauj thiaj li", tsim nyob rau hauv nws rov qab los ntawm ib qho chaw twg mus rau tim Loos.

Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1440 tus sculptor tsim bronze qhov rooj, thiab yim medallions rau Florence Laus Sacristy ntawm San Lorenzo (lub sij hawm los ntawm 1435 txog 1443). Cov qauv stucco reliefs ntawm cov plaub twb tiav amazing txoj kev ywj pheej nyob rau hauv cov duab interiors, vaj tse thiab cov neeg cov nuj nqis.

Padua lub sij hawm

Donatello yog xa mus rau hauv 1443 nyob rau hauv Padua. Ntawm no pib rau theem tom ntej ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Nws ua ib tug Equestrian pej thuam ntawm Erasmo de Narni (Gattamelata pej thuam). Donatello cam khwb cia nws nyob rau hauv 1447, thiab tsim cov kev ua hauj lwm yog ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej - nyob rau hauv 1453-m. Txoj kev tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug monument rau Marcus Aurelius. Siv kab pheeb ces kaum uas tsim ib rab ntaj thiab tus pas nrig Gattamelata (Erasmo npe menyuam yaus), thiab cov tes haujlwm united nuj nqis nees thiab caij nyob rau hauv silhouette daim sculptor Donatello. Sculptures tsim nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm, yeej zoo kawg thiab. Dhau li ntawm tus saum toj no nws ua kev sib txuas lus chancel. Antoniya Paduanskogo, raws li zoo raws li plaub nyem depicting scenes ntawm nws lub neej, uas yog suav hais tias yog pinnacle ntawm creativity ntawm no tswv nyob rau hauv lub picturesque struts.

Txawm tias thaum twg lub tam sim no tsab ntawv tsa suab Donatello qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas ob tug saum sib txuas lus. Ioanna Krestitelya nyob rau hauv Florence (nyob rau hauv casa Martelli kuv V Fiorentina), nws yog tsuas yog siv mus rau feem ntau conservative. Nyob rau hauv ob leeg losis tswvyim dabtsi. John sawv cev khiav, thiab txhua txhua xeem ntiv taw yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov no. Xwm tau raug muab tshem tawm tshiab tsis.

Ib tug txawv feature ntawm Donatello lub kev txawj muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub sculptor portrayed nrog tib kev txawj thiab lub zog, lub dag lub zog, zoo looks thiab kev tshav ntuj. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, carved nyob rau hauv 1434 bas-relief marble lub sam thiaj uas lub tsev teev ntuj hauv lub nroog ntawm Prato depicts ib nrab-liab qab geniuses thiab cov me nyuam uas ua si seev suab paj nruas thiab seev cev nrog garlands ntawm paj. Tsis tshua muaj neeg ciaj sia lawv lub zog, playful thiab ntau yam. Ib yam yuav tau muab sau tseg thiab lwm yam bas-reliefs nyob rau hauv marble, ua rau Florence Cathedral.

Donatello nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv Padua me ntsis hauj lwm. Thaj, nws yog tiag mob. Sculptor rov qab nyob rau hauv 1453 nyob rau hauv Florence thiab tseem ua neej nyob muaj mus txog rau thaum nws tuag (nyob rau hauv 1466), tsuas yog rau ib tug luv luv mus txawv tebchaws nyob rau hauv 1457 rau Siena.

Lig Florentine lub sij hawm

Nws seb puas tsimnyog tau ntau cov lus nug tom qab ua hauj lwm los ntawm Donatello. Sculptor nyob rau hauv lub lig tej hauj lwm tsim tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas nthuav ua hauj lwm. Tej zaum sib tham txog cov demise ntawm nws kev txawj, thiab rov qab los ntawm ib co gothic hom kev kawm. Duab puab ntawm Donatello nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1450 tus mus rau thaum ntxov 1460 tus sawv cev los ntawm ib tug pej thuam Marii Magdaliny (1455, yees duab cm. Hauv qab no), ua los ntawm cov ntoo, ib pab pawg neeg ntawm "Judith thiab Holofernes", ib tug pej thuam ntawm Ioanna Krestitelya, reliefs nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm lub Sawv Rov Los thiab cov mob siab rau ntawm Tswv Yexus ob cov quav hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm San Lorenzo. Nyob rau hauv cov tej hauj lwm, yeej lub tragic ntsiab uas tsim Donatello. Sculptor nyob rau ntawm naturalism, uas ciam teb rau lwm rau sab ntsuj plig tawg. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm compositions tau raug ua tiav tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus tswv cov tub ntxhais kawm - Bertoldo thiab Bellagio.

Sculptor tuag nyob rau hauv 1466. Nws raug faus nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm San Lorenzo, uas yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nws ua hauj lwm, nrog zoo honors. Yog li xaus txoj hauj lwm Donatello. Sculptor, Biography thiab nws tej hauj lwm tau hais nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, tau ua si ib tug muaj koob lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no architecture. Nco ntsoov dab tsi nws yog.

Tus nqi ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm no tswv

Donatello yog ib tug yawm sij xam nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Renaissance duab puab. Nws yog nws leej twg yog tus thawj systematically kawm lub mechanism ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev, nws portrayed ib tug complex loj txiav txim pib txhais cov khaub ncaws vim cov yas cev thiab lub zog, muab cov neeg ua hauj lwm qhia ib tug neeg portrait nyob rau hauv cov duab puab, kos mloog mus rau lub hlwb lub neej ntawm lub cim kis. Nws tau zoo tag nrho cov bronze casting thiab waxing li marble. Trehplanny nyem, nws tsim, muaj lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm puab thiab painting.