Me nyuam rho tawm - yog thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub evolution ntawm hom

Nrog rau cov me nyuam rho tawm ntawm coob txog ib hom pib, nws tseem rau siab insulated xaus, lub tsim ntawm tshiab hom ntawm tej kab mob nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Me nyuam rho tawm - lub alpha thiab omega ntawm cov evolution ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb.

rho tawm kev tshawb xav

Panmictic rau cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu (cov neeg uas sib deev me nyuam) lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug "view" theem ua ke ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob uas zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, nyob rau hauv ib tug cheeb tsam thiab muaj peev xwm rau cov me nyuam tag nrho. Qhov no implies free hybridization thiab tsos fertile offspring. Me nyuam rho tawm - ib tug tag nrho los yog ib nrab txwv rau cov dawb hla kev. Cia li nyob rau hauv cais kev cob cog rua nrog rau yug me nyuam tus txheej txheem, to taub thiab ua si ib menyaum hybrid offspring.

Ib suam ntawm rwb thaiv tsev hauv ib

Niaj hnub no, ntau zaum - evolutionists muaj ntau hom kev muab nws cais, cov ntaub ntawv thiab mechanisms kev lom rho tawm. Muaj tshuab, noj raws li ib lub hauv paus lub sij hawm tseem ceeb, los yog tiav yog tsis arisen hla. Cia peb raws li ib lub hauv paus feem ntau hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm systematization paub txog cov kev rho tawm uas muab los ntawm renowned biologist - FG evolutionist Dobzhansky (1900-1975).

Tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov rwb thaiv tsev sib txawv raws li lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim:

• geographic rho tawm ntawm coob;
• ib puag ncig;
• tiag tiag lom.

Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm me nyuam rho tawm.

thaj txwv

Geographic deev rho tawm - nws txwv cov dawb hla kev ntawm cov kab mob no tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub geological xwm (cov tsos ntawm roob tej, hloov nyob rau hauv dej txaj) los yog resettlement hom tshaj loj cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus synthesis ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob, Circuit Court drift thiab sib lub noob nyob rau hauv lub cais pab pawg neeg. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws piv txwv - Darwin lub hmab nce, txawv tsiaj ntawm cov uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua kob. Nws yog ib cov noog sim hawm caij nyoog Charles Darwin sau nws ua hauj lwm "The Origin of Species los ntawm Txhais tau tias kev Ntuj Xaiv".

Rwb thaiv tsev ib puag ncig thiab tej vaj tse tej yam kev mob

Uas tej yam underlie ecological deev rho tawm ntawm coob ntawm tib hom, uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam. Tej yam tseem ceeb tej zaum yuav mismatching hais tawm lub sij hawm los yog pub yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg. Ib txhia zaum ntseeg tias daim ntawv no tsis yog ib tug me nyuam rho tawm. Qhov no ib nrab txwv tsis ua rau cov impossibility ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-chaw ua taus zes. Txawm tias, lub tswvyim ntawm kws tshawb fawb txawv, piv txwv muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Peb lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Arctic foob hom. Lawv tag nrho cov los ntawm tib lub phylogenetic txwv zeej txwv koob. Tab sis Ross cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj pub heev dua lwm yam cephalopods, hiav txwv leopards - lim hiam zoov penguins thiab lwm yam cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab muab khi ncauj Witt tsuas noj cov ntses. Thiab lawv tsis hybridize nrog txhua lwm yam, txawm tias zoo heev nyob rau hauv tsos.

Ua tau deev rho tawm

Ua tau deev rho tawm - nws yog rau hauv daim ntawv uas yog ncaj qha mus txuas rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub tsev me nyuam txheej txheem. Ces faib dokopulyatsionny poslekopulyatsionny thiab mechanisms uas tiv thaiv playback ntawm lawv tus kheej zoo.

Ib txhia kws tshawb fawb tau tau hu tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov rwb thaiv tsev lom los yog me nyuam mechanisms thiab muaj xws li geographic thiab ecological rho tawm pab pawg neeg dokopulyativnoy deev rho tawm.

Dokopulyatsionnnye mechanisms

Qhov no rho tawm mechanisms txuam nrog cov impossibility ntawm cov pos. Muaj peb cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Etologichekaya txuam nrog nta ntawm kev sib deev tus cwj pwm, kev ua me nyuam rho tawm. Piv txwv: ib tug ritual pos tus cwj pwm ntawm cov noog, txawv zoo blinking ntawm fireflies nyob rau hauv lub qhov thiab laus ntawm kev sib yuav ntawm cov suab ntawm cov qav, qhov txawv nyob rau hauv lub pheromones (tshuaj sib txuas lus) miv loj.
2. Neeg kho tshuab rho tawm vim sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov me nyuam nruab nrog cev. Piv txwv li, sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov paj orchid ua rau tau pollination ntawm cov kev hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug noog ziag. Yam muaj tseeb rau ntau hom kev tus paub Sage. Cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Drosophila mating ntau hom ua rau raug mob los yog tuag taus thiab ntawm ib tug khub.
3. Tsis cuam tshuam tus kab hlwb (gametes) hu ua germline rwb thaiv tsev. Nws muaj pov thawj experimentally nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam thiab Zoos. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, pos yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw, tiam sis tsis fertilized zygote.

Poslekopulyativnoy hom deev rho tawm

Lub tswvyim yog nyob ze rau qhov kawg dokopulyativnoy txhais li cas rho tawm, tab sis nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus embryo yog tsim. Txawm li cas los, nws twb yog tua nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm ontogeny, los yog tuag ua ntej tiav nkauj tiav nraug, los yog hybrid neeg yog menyuam tsis taus. Lub mechanism ntawm txoj kev tuag thiab sterility hybrid complex txuam nrog noob, chromosome los yog cytological nta. Piv txwv ntawm ntau hom ntawm hybrids paub. Zoo txog hybrids, raws li ib qho kev zam, yuav muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm tu tub tu kiv. Tab sis, ces muaj yog ib lub phenomenon hauv ib degeneration hybrid ntaub ntawv - txhua successive tiam ntawm hybrids yog kab nce tsis muaj zog txaus thiab maj degenerates.

Lub lom tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua me nyuam rho tawm

Tsis yog txhua txhua yam ntaub ntawv ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm coob ua rau cov tsim ntawm tshiab hom. Tab sis thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv speciation yeej ib txwm ua ib tug ib nrab los yog tiav rho tawm ntawm coob los yog pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob. Thaum lub sij hawm, thaum ib tug noob pauv cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw cais pab pawg neeg accumulates genetic sib txawv los ntawm lwm cov pab pawg ntawm no hom, deev rho tawm yuav tseem ceeb tshaj thiab ua kom tiav. Nrog tsub zuj zuj ntawm ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub genomes hais tsim ib tug tshiab hom. Nyob rau hauv biology, nws tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim, nws yog tej zaum kuj heev nyuaj kom paub qhov txawv ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab saib. Cuaj kaum, txhua txhua catch ntawm sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv trawling theem cov dej hiav txwv kev tshawb fawb cov neeg sawv cev tsis tau paub tias yuav niaj hnub systematics.