Phraseological unit: txhais

Idioms, sayings, paj lug thiab sayings roos ib tug lossis loj reservoir nyob rau hauv tej lus, ua tsaug rau uas nws yuav richer thiab brighter. Txwv tsis pub, lawv hu ua phraseological units. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab dab tsi lawv, peb xav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

txhais

Txoj kev tshawb examines cov lus muab kev koom tes phraseology. Phraseological unit - ib tug ruaj khov idiomatic qhia nyob rau hauv ib hom lus uas nws lub ntsiab lus yog tseeb rau tag nrho nws cov nqa. Synonymous nrog cov tswvyim no yog frazema lo lus, lus nruas.

zog

Phraseological unit yuav ua lub zog ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav:

• noun (ntsuag los ntawm Kazan, ib tug aub nyob rau hauv lub manger);
• qhia txog kev ua (twiddle, ua neej nyob nws, yuav qaug dej qaug cawv ua ntej lub ntsuab zaj);
• chaw (qaug dej qaug cawv insole);
• adverb (headlong nyuaj heev).

Zoo li tej lus tshwm sim, frazemy muaj lawv tej yam tshwm sim.

1. Reproducibility. Qhov no feature qhia tau hais tias phraseological chav tsev yog cov lus feem ntau hais lus ntawm cov lus, thiab nws tsis txua anew txhua lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, lub "slack" txhais tau tias "mess ib ncig ntawm".
2. Semantic ntseeg, uas yog txhais raws li tag nrho los yog ib nrab rethinking Cheebtsam ntawm cov kab lus lo lus. Piv txwv li, cov kab lus "cov dev noj nws" txhais tau tias "tsab", thiab tsis qhov tseeb noj aub ib tug neeg.
3. Razdelnooformlennost implies lub xub ntiag ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj lus nyob rau hauv ib tug kab lus hais tias yog nws muaj ib tug txawv lub ntsiab lus.
4. Stability - ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub tau los yog impossibility ntawm kev hloov lub tivthaiv muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm txoj kev txo, expansion los yog kev hloov ntawm nws constituent lus. Nrov heev nthe phraseological tsev yuav raug hloov siv:

• paub cov ntsiab lus, thaum muaj ib tug lo lus yog hloov los ntawm lwm tus;
• qauv sau ntawv, thaum lub qhia yog kev kawm mus rau grammatical hloov tsis tau hloov lub ntsiab lus;
• Ntau thaum phraseologism hloov vim expansion los yog contraction ntawm Cheebtsam;
• txaus qhia nyob qhov twg lub Cheebtsam yog ntxeev.

Review ntawm classifications

Cais phraseological units sim ntau linguists, thiab le caag twb sib txawv. Ib txhia tso siab rau cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov qauv, cov lwm yam - nyob rau hauv cov style, peb - nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab. Txhua faib muaj ib txoj cai nyob ua ib ke, thiab hauv qab no peb saib cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

• Tus thawj kev faib ntawm phraseological units muaj L. P. Smit, nyob rau hauv uas cov tom qab koom rau hauv pab pawg raws li lawv kev kawm. Piv txwv li, "tib neeg kev ua si", "natural phenomena." Lub ntsiab drawback ntawm no typology - uas raug nqi ntau cov lus qauv tshau.
• Tsis zoo li nws cov thawj ntawm, lus ntsiab cai yog tsim los ntawm V. V. Vinogradovym cais. Nws npaj hom phraseology units tau muab faib raws li lub semantic fusion - kev sib sau, thiab ob peb ua ke leeg.
• N. M. Shansky muaj, tsuas yog ntawm phraseology, faib ib tug cais kev faib rau cov kab zauv (sayings, paj lug thiab sayings).
• Cov kev faib npaj los ntawm A. I. Smirnitskim, raws li nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv thiab grammatical hauv paus ntsiab lus.
• Lub hauv paus ntawm lub kev faib ntawm N. N. Amosovoy lees paub tus nqi ntawm phraseological chav nyob thiab lawv tsom xam ntawm lub ntsiab lus teb.
• S. G. Gavrin tuaj mus rau lub kev faib los lawv ua hauj lwm thiab semantic teeb meem.
• A. V. Kunin ntxiv kev faib VV Vinogradov.

Classification VV Vinogradov

Nyob rau hauv cov kev sib sau ntawm cov lo lus (phraseological unit) coincides nrog nws cov pej xeem, uas yog, los ntawm cov saum toj no nws yog ib qhov tseeb yog dab tsi ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg. Piv txwv li, rub lub pluaj - ib tug ntev lub sij hawm los ua ib co ua lag ua luam.

Leeg - tus nqi tsis coincide nrog nws constituting Cheebtsam. Piv txwv li, lub "slack" - ua ib yam dabtsi. Nyob rau hauv ib co adhesions yog lo lus uas tau poob lub thawj lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus yog tsis siv. Piv txwv li, lub thumbs - nais uas yog siv nyob rau hauv hnav khaub ncaws ntawm cov ntoo diav.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug phraseological ob peb ua ke ua los ntawm Cheebtsam, yog ib tus uas muaj ib tug losis tswvyim dabtsi muaj nuj nqi, nyob rau hauv uas yog ib tug ntawm lub Cheebtsam ntawm phraseological chav tsev yog ua ke nrog lo lus ib leeg, tab sis ua ke nrog lwm tus neeg. Piv txwv li, koj yuav hais tias "ntshai yuav siv sij hawm", "kev tu siab yuav siv sij hawm" ntsiab lus "phem heev" los yog "tu siab", tab sis tsis tau hais tias "yuav siv sij hawm Library" nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm "kev lom zem."

Classification A. I. Smirnitskogo

Qhov no kev faib faib cov idioms rau idioms, phrasal verbs thiab kom phraseological units. Ob lub qub thiab lub caij nyoog kawg no tau muab faib ua 2 pab pawg, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, subdivided rau hauv sub-pawg:

a) unimodal:

• qhia txog kev ua-adverbial (crook);
• sib npaug verbs, semantic ntsiav uas yog tus thib ob feem (ua rau nws yooj yim thiab yooj yim);
• prepositional substantival sib npaug adverbs los yog predicative (cov kwv tij nyob rau hauv lub siab);

b) ob thiab MNV:

• attributive-substantival sib npaug uas - noun (tsaus nees, grey Cardinal);
• qhia txog kev ua-substantive, uas yog sib npaug - ib tug qhia txog kev ua (hais lus);
• repetition - sib npaug ntawm adverbs.
• adverbial MNV.

Ib suam ntawm N. N. Amosovoy

Nyob rau hauv lub typology ntawm N. N. Amosovoy phraseological units yog muab faib mus rau hauv idioms thiab frazemy, tus mus kom ze rau kev faib uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm lub ntsiab lus teb. Analysis hais txog lub ua ke ntawm cov lus semantically siv nrog lub Performance index yam tsawg kawg nkaus. Xws li ib tug lub ntsiab lus teb yuav ua tau qhov los yog nce mus nce los. Thaum qhov ntsiab lus teb index tsawg kawg qhov thiab tsuas tau qhov tseem ceeb rau lub semantically siv lus. Piv txwv li, ib tug "dawb dag", "mus nyob rau hauv lus Askiv."

Thaum ib tug nce mus nce los nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm cov lo lus index yam tsawg kawg nkaus yuav sib txawv, tab sis lub ntsiab lus tseem zoo li qub. Piv txwv li, nrog rau cov lo lus "tsaus ntuj nti" tej zaum yuav lo lus "nees" thiab "txiv neej" - "tsaus ntuj nti nees", "tsaus ntuj nti txiv neej" mus txhais ua "daim card, secretive."

Nruas qhov ntsiab lus teb muab faib mus rau hauv frazemy thiab idioms.

Classification SG Gavrina

S. G. Gavrin idioms txwv kom muab zais los ntawm tej qhov-semantic teeb meem. Yog li, nws cov kev faib units muaj phraseology ruaj khov thiab variably-ruaj khov ob peb ua ke ntawm cov lo lus. Kev tshawb fawb SG Gavrina nyob rau hauv phraseology tau raws li nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm VV Vinogradov thiab N. M. Shanskogo thiab txuas ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub 4 hom phraseological units.

Classification A. V. Kunina

Ib suam ntawm phraseological units, muaj raws A. V. Kuninym, complements lub kev faib VV Vinogradov. Nws muaj idioms:

1. Unimodal ib tseem ceeb thiab ob tug los yog ntau tshaj neznamenatelnyh tokens.
2. Qauv los yog ib tug co subordinative kab lus.
3. Nrog cov predicative qauv.
4. Nrog ib tug qhia txog kev ua infinitive, los yog nyob rau hauv lub passive suab.
5. Nrog cov qauv ntawm cov ib tug yooj yim los yog txoj kab lus.

Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm semantics A. V. Kunin faib saum toj no idioms ua plaub pab pawg:

• muaj kev tivthaiv uas yog, cim tias seb thaum lub kawm, cov phenomenon - lawv yog hu ua cov nominative; pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li 1, 2, 3 thiab 5 phraseology hom tsuas yog complex;
• tsis muaj kev kawm-muaj kuab qhov tseem ceeb, hnov tus cwj pwm txawv - xws frazemy hu ua mezhdometnyh thiab modal;
• cov qauv ntawm cov proposals, uas yog hu ua tham - qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li paj lug, sayings thiab catch nqe lus;
• Group 4 yog hais txog mus rau lub nominative-tham.

Qhov chaw cov nqe lus nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus

Phraseological units ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yuav ua tau:

• primordially Lavxias teb sab;
• borrowed.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab kev cob cog rua nrog lub neej, dialects thiab kev ua si.

Piv txwv phraseology:

• tsev neeg - tsis yog ib tug plooj, khwb koj lub qhov ntswg, coj cov ceev;
• lub suab hais lus - ncov txoj hauj lwm, haus luam yeeb quab;
• kev - mus txiav Walnut (ntoo), rub lub Gimp (weaving), kev ua si rau thawj nkauj laus ncas (tshuab raj).

Borrowed phraseological units nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus tuaj los ntawm Laus Slavonic, classical mythology, thiab lwm yam lus.

Piv txwv txais ntawm:

• Laus Slavonic - lub forbidden txiv hmab txiv ntoo, aredovy muag daj, tsaus dej nyob rau hauv cov huab;
• classical mythology - rab ntaj ntawm Damocles, hmoov Tantalus, ib tug Pandora lub thawv, ib tug pob txha ntawm sib cav sib ceg, tog mus rau hauv oblivion;
• lwm hom lus - bluestocking (English), nyob rau ib tug loj scale (German), tsis nyob rau hauv yooj yim (cov lus Fab Kis).

Lawv tus nqi tsis yeej ib txwm coincide nrog rau cov nqi ntawm lawv cov constituent lus thiab tej zaum kuj yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau ntawm kev txawj ntse, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd kom to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub token.

phraseological kab zauv

Phraseological kab zauv thiab lus units muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yog hais tias lawv yog ruaj khov kab zauv, thiab cov lus qhia yuav muab tau yooj yim dua. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thawj lub Cheebtsam ntawm cov kev qhia tej zaum yuav siv nws tus kheej thiab raws li ib feem ntawm lwm yam nqe lus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov kab zauv "ntawm tag nrho cov muaj hnub nyoog yuav hlub", "qhov ntev log", "lag luam wholesale thiab khw muag khoom" tag nrho cov lus muaj peev xwm yuav ua hauj lwm nyias.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias tsis yog txhua txhua linguists kawm phraseological units nrog ib tug tivthaiv, xam tau tias yog nws ua tau rau muaj xws li lawv nyob rau hauv lub phau qhia ntawv.

Sayings - ib qho kev qhia borrowed los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, xinesmas, ua yeeb yam thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus kos duab. Lawv feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub hais lus nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hais lus thiab nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Piv txwv li, "Happy teev yog tsis saib," "Hlub rau tag nrho cov muaj hnub nyoog."

Paj Lug thiab sayings - ib qhia tias muaj cov ntsiab ntawm cov lus qhia thiab yuav tau mus thov nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej yam teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub nrov qhia, lawv tsis yog cov sau, raws li tsim los ntawm cov neeg rau ntau centuries thiab dhau los ntawm lub qhov ncauj rau lub qhov ncauj, thiab tau dim lawv thawj daim ntawv no. Piv txwv li, lub "qaib ua ntej lawv daug lawm" txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm rooj plaub yuav raug txiav txim raws li qhov nws kawm tiav.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub paj lug - figurative, emotive qhia. Piv txwv li, hais tias "Thaum lub cancer ntawm Mount xuav" txhais tau tias tej lag luam yog tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau ua.

Paj Lug thiab sayings - ib tug tiag tiag li thiaj yuav rau qhov tseem ceeb thiab sab ntsuj plig kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg. Los ntawm lawv yooj yim mus taug qab dab tsi cov neeg zoo li thiab pom zoo ntawm, thiab hais tias - tsis muaj. Piv txwv li, "Yooj yim thiab tsis rub cov ntses tawm ntawm lub pas dej", "Labor txiv neej txau thiab laziness - spoils", sib tham txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua hauj lwm.

txoj kev loj hlob tiam sis

Ntawm tag nrho cov pawg ntawm cov lus yog feem ntau raug rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov lo lus, vim hais tias nws yog ib tug ncaj rog xav txog ntawm cov kev hloov noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv zej zog.

Niaj hnub no, cov lexical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog muaj ib tug boom neological. Yog vim li cas?

Tus thawj yog vim li cas - kev, economic, kev nom kev tswv thiab sab ntsuj plig hloov nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub 90s. Qhov thib ob - tus tawm thiab hauv Internet ua si, uas coj mus rau txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus thiab cov loj xov tooj ntawm lwm yam lus borrowings. Qhov thib peb - qhov ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm technologies uas ua rau kom cov emergence ntawm cov lus tshiab qhia thiab cov lus. Qhov no qhov teeb meem no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus - lawv yog poob lawv cov thawj lub ntsiab lus, los yog kis tau rau lwm tus. Tsis tas li ntawd expanding rau ib thaj tsam ntawm kev sau ntawv hom lus - nws yog tam sim no qhib rau conversational, colloquial, ua dog ua dig lus thiab phraseological units. Hais lus ntawm lub yav tas, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias feature ntawm Kawm idioms tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus thiab lawv ua ke. Piv txwv li, lub "qus ua lag luam", "poob siab txoj kev kho", "nyob ze txawv teb chaws", "txias ib pab tub rog", "coj mus muag so".

Mini xeem

Thiab tam sim no peb muab rau koj mus ntsuam xyuas koj erudition. Yuav ua li cas cov idioms:

• ncaws;
• tom kuv tus nplaig;
• tag nrho cov txhais tes rau ntawm;
• khiav headlong;
• cua rau ib tug mustache;
• ob lub qhov muag yog dazzled;
• suav cov crows;
• spinning nyob rau hauv cov lus;
• qhia rau ib tug dag nrog peb thawv.

Xyuas cov lus teb. Lub qhov tseem ceeb (nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim):

• Kuv xav mus pw tsaug zog;
• silence;
• ib tug neeg ib co tshaj plaws puv tawm tau yooj yim thiab zoo nkauj;
• khiav ceev heev;
• nco ntsoov ib yam dab tsi tseem ceeb heev;
• cov neeg los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tej yam uas tsis tau xaiv ib tug tshaj plaws;
• dawdle;
• cov neeg xav kom nco ntsoov ib yam dab tsi zoo-paub, tab sis tsis tau;
• cog lus los yog dag.