Pawg electron - kim thiab me me valve

Yog hais tias offhand nug li 100 tus neeg rau npe tsawg kawg yog peb lub npe hu elementary hais, nws yog tau hais tias tsis yog txhua tus yuav hu tag nrho peb, tab sis tsis muaj ib tug yuav tsis nco qab hu rau zus tej chaw - electron. Tsawg tshaj plaws, lightest ntawm cov them nyiaj nqa particle, omnipresent ... thiab, Tu siab, lub "tsis zoo", nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm tej yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab muaj nws deserves tshwj xeeb kev kho mob. Lub npe hais originated nyob rau hauv ancient Greece los ntawm Greek lo lus rau "amber" - cov ntaub ntawv uas yog hlub rau nws cov ancient muaj peev xwm ua rau neeg nyiam thiab khaws tej khoom me me. Ces, thaum txoj kev tshawb no ntawm hluav taws xob tau ntau ntau, lub sij hawm "electron" tau tuaj mus rau txhais li cas indivisible, thiab chaw pib lub tsawg tshaj plaws chav tsev xwb.

Nyob mus ib txhis electrons raws li ib feem thiab parcel ntawm qhov teeb meem, muab ib pab pawg neeg ntawm physicists coj los John. Dzh.Tomsonom. Nyob rau hauv 1897 lawv twb soj cathode rays, txhais tau hais tias yeej muaj tseeb hluav taws xob loj-rau-them nyiaj, thiab peb pom hais tias qhov no piv tsis yog nyob ntawm seb cathode khoom. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej nyob rau hauv txoj kev paub ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus electron ua Becquerel nyob rau hauv 1900. Nyob rau hauv nws xyaum ua tej yam, nws tau ua povthawj qhia tias radium beta rays kuj deflected nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field, thiab lawv loj-rau-charge piv sib npaug zos rau cov cathode rays. Nws yog incontestable pov thawj hais tias tus electron - yog "kev ywj siab daim" ntawm ib tug atom ntawm tej tshuaj. Thiab ces, nyob rau hauv 1909, Robert Millikan nyob rau hauv lub sim nrog cov roj mob uas poob nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob field, muaj peev xwm ntsuas cov hluav taws xob dag zog yuam uas sib npaug tus quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Ces nws tau los ua lub npe hu tus nqi ntawm cov elementary, piv txwv li qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, tus nqi:

EO = - 1,602176487 (49) * 10-19 Kl.

Qhov ntawd yog txaus kom electron loj twb xam:

kuv = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Nws yuav zoo li uas tam sim no qhov kev txiav txim tag nrho lawm, tab sis nws tsuas yog qhov pib ntawm ib tug ntev txoj kev ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus electron.

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm stalemate physics nws twb tsis tau yuav tsum tau pov thawj, tab sis nws siv nws tus kheej yog ob leeg-faced xwm ntawm lub electron: nws quantum txhua yam khoom qhia cov particle, thiab nyob rau hauv sim kawm nyob rau hauv lub cuam ntawm electron beams rau thaum uas tig mus tej kab nrib pleb manifested yoj xwm. Lub sij hawm ntawd qhov tseeb tuaj nyob rau hauv 1924, thaum thawj de Broglie muab tag nrho cov khoom, thiab cov electron, ib yam nkaus thiab, cov tsis, npe hu ua tom qab nws, thiab nyob rau hauv 3 xyoos Pauli tiav lub tsim ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm quantum mechanics piav txog lub quantum xwm hais. Tom qab ntawd, tig Erwin Schrödinger thiab Paul Dirac - complementing txhua lwm yam, lawv pom sib npaug los mus piav qhia cov essence ntawm lub electron nyob rau hauv uas lub electron loj thiab Planck lub qhov, lub quantum qhov tseem ceeb reflected yoj yam ntxwv los ntawm - qhov zaus thiab wavelength.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no duplicity ntawm elementary hais tau deb-reaching txim. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws tau los ua tseeb hais tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug dawb electron yog ib yam khoom uas (raws li ib qho piv txwv - tus cathode rays) - yog tsis tau tib yam li hais tias ntawm lub electron nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua. Rau ib tug dawb electron, nws loj yog lub npe hu ua lub "loj ntawm lub electron." Lub cev xwm ntawm lub electron loj sib txawv nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob raws li nram no los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws lub zog nyob rau hauv lub saturation magnetic teb chaw nyob rau hauv uas nws txav. Ntxaum "disassembly" qhia tias tus magnetic teb tsiv electrons nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib, es, tam sim no txaus nyob rau hauv cov khoom, tsis yog nyob ntawm seb magnitude ntawm tus nqi muaj, thiab ntawm tus luj thereof. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, magnetic teb zog ceev sib npaug zos rau cov kev ceev ntawm kinetic zog ntawm tsiv nqi, thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm no lub zog yog ua tau sib npaug mus rau lub muaj zog loj ntawm tus nqi muaj, hu ua "zoo loj". Analytically nws tau txiav txim hais tias nws yog dawb ntau electron loj nyob rau hauv ib tug / 2λ lub sij hawm, qhov chaw uas ib tug - kev ncua deb ntawm lub dav hlau bounding neeg xyuas pib, λ - ntawm qhov tob ntawm lub magnetic teb ntawm daim tawv nqaij txheej.

Lub physics ntawm particle loj ntawm lub electron yog ib tug ntawm reference constants. Biography ntawm lub electron yog tsis tshaj - yeej ib txwm yam thiab thov kev tshawb fawb, qhov twg nws ua raws li ib txwm koom tes. Nws tau ntev tau paub tseeb hais tias, tab sis yog me me, yooj yim, thiab tsis muaj nws lub ntug - tsis muaj ib kauj ruam.