Norman conquest ntawm ces nyob rau hauv 1066

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua eleventh Norman duchy mus txog tag nrho tawg. Lub feudal system contributed rau cov creation ntawm fine tub rog uas muaj cov khoom rau cov Duke ntawm nws vassals, thiab hnyav ncawv armed knight cavalry Normandy tau nyiaj rau nws tus kheej tsis txawj tuag koob meej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub xeev muaj ib tug loj nyiaj tau los ntawm tag nrho cov khoom ntiag. Ib tug haib central cai, pristrunyavshaya thiab vassals, thiab lub tsev teev ntuj yog kom meej meej muaj zog tshaj lub English. Norman conquest ntawm ces yog li ib tug foregone xaus.

Wilhelm v. Harold

Harold II ntawm tshaj tawm, brutally ua siab phem English King-Dane, ib tug usurper thiab ib tug perjurer, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm Pope Alexander II ntawm, Wilhelm mus pw hav zoov tau ntsib: kom txhij tuaj pab dawb rau ib thaj tsam ntawm lub Duchy los pab nws tsis yog ib tug tsis muaj zog tub rog, ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov khoom ships, thiab armed nrog khoom noj. Thiab tsis ntev txhua yam yog npaj txhij, rau lub conquest ntawm ces los ntawm William ntawm Normandy coj qhov chaw.

Lub camp ntawm cov Duchy seething abundance ntawm pab tub rog - cov knights los ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam surrounding: Brittany, Picardy, Flanders, Artois. Historians tsis tau mus nrhiav kom tau lub caij nyoog tooj ntawm pab tub rog Wilhelm, tab sis lub ships nws twb tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li xya puas thiab, thiaj li, tus troops uas coj nyob rau hauv nws yav qab teb ntug dej ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm ces, tau tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li xya txhiab. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm thiaj li muaj ntau cov neeg nyob ib zaug hla cov lus Askiv Channel.

Harold paub txog cov kev npaj. Sau nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm teb chaws Askiv, cov ships thiab troops awaited lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm William lub siab armed. Tab sis Wilhelm yog txawm trickier tshaj xav tias Harold. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm ces mam li nco dheev tsaws Wilhelm phoojywg los ntawm Norway thiab disgraced British tw Harold. Harold muaj peev xwm tig lub troops thiab txawm ua txhaum lub attackers, tab sis yog tsis muaj ncua sij hawm ntawm lub hnub pib nrog lub Norman conquest ntawm ces sab qab teb.

Cov tub rog ntawm Harold

Lub tsaws ntawm tus yeeb ncuab yuam kom tig tsis muaj zog thiab nkees pab tub rog rov qab mus rau Hastings rau txoj kev muaj me nyuam no yuav sau cov militia. Txawm li cas los, txhua yam tshwm sim sai sai no, hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv London rau lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm Harold militia twb tsis tau sib sau. Tsis zoo li William, nws twb tsis tiag ua ntaj riam thaiv cavalry, lub ib thooj ntawm nws cov tub rog tau taug kev thiab ntau haiv neeg. Muaj Housecarl thiab peasants armed nrog ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv hais tias ntau: lub peasants - axes thiab clubs, nrog rau cov earls Housecarl muaj swords, shields thiab sib ntaus sib tua axes, tab sis tsis muaj nees thiab archers thiab cavalry kev sib ntaus los Harold tsis muaj sij hawm los pib.

Lub rooj sib tham ntawm qub thiab tshiab

Norman conquest ntawm ces nyob rau hauv 1066 tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 14 Lub kaum hli ntuj. Wilhelm coj zoo-kev kawm los sib ntaus sib tua muaj cai tawm ntawm lub eeb, cov sib ntaus sib tua-tawv knight cavalry troops thiab archers. Lub yeej ntawm lub Anglo-Saxons yog ib tug foregone xaus. Lub yeej yog swift thiab zaum kawg - ob peb dim. Harold kuj tuag.

Wilhelm muab tus so ntawm pab tub rog nyob rau hauv robberies thiab raids nyob rau hauv cov neeg pluag ncig, nws yog tsis pom qhov twg mus tsuag tsuag. Thaum Dover, thiab London sab saum toj kentberiyskaya to taub thiab to taub dab tsi tau tshwm sim, lawv muab thiab npaum li cas los William lub Conqueror raws li ib tug tuaj nyob rau txoj cai ntawm tus muaj zog tshaj, nws coj ob peb hnub. Tab sis tsis ntev kuv tuaj mus rau lub teb chaws tom qab lub Norman conquest ntawm ces!

Tom qab tsib hnub ntawm William cov tub rog tau tsiv mus rau Dover. Nws yog ib tug triumph! Tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv London cowardly townspeople huddled nyob rau hauv lawv tej tsev, rau qhov lawv ntshai pogroms, tiam sis feem ntau English lords, earls, sheriffs, William npis sov poob nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais ceg thiab sim ua kom cov phooj ywg nrog nws. Yav qab teb hais tsis tau Wilhelm tsis muaj kuj tsis txhua. Tom qab ib tug heev luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm thiab raug Northern.

Pleev raws li huab tais

Thiab nws tshwm sim: tshaj lub Christmas hnub caiv nyob rau lub hlws ris ntawm 1066 thiab 1067 tus, William lub Conqueror tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Westminster ntawm tus neeg pej xeem cov kev tshwm sim. Unpredictable teeb meem no tau tsim. Hais tom qab lub Norman conquest ntawm uprisings no thiab muaj. Nkag liam ntawm ntxeev siab, thiab lub retinue ntawm William teb peculiar.

Tag nrho cov tsev nyob ib ncig lub tsev teev ntuj, qhov chaw uas lub pleev ntawm tus huab tais, raug teem on hluav taws, thiab qhov hluav taws kub neeg raug tau nrua ntaus kom tuag, tsis to taub tus tub los ntxhais, hnub nyoog thiab kev ntseeg. Tuam tsev tshuav tag nrho tab sis tus txiv plig uas txuas ntxiv qhov kev pab cuam, coj lub cim nco txog mus rau thaum xaus, thiab William tau ntsib tus thawj lub sij hawm ntawm triumph nyob rau hauv splendid rho tawm. Yog li ntawd feeb twb Norman conquest ntawm ces nyob rau ntawm nws thawj theem.

kav

Txawm tias cov lus cog tseg ntawm William mus yuav tus guarantor zoo cai Edwardian alien Normans txuas ntxiv ua nruj ua tsiv thiab looting. Cov pejxeem ntawm mus tas li ntxeev siab, nws loj tshaj plaws suppressed nrog hluav taws thiab rab ntaj. Rau ntau dua kev mloog lus rau cov pej xeem ntawm London pib qhov kev siv ntawm tus naas ej muaj koob muaj npe tsev fuabtais - pej thuam.

Northern hais tej thaj chaw yog li pub mus nrog nws Wilhelm uprisings tias nyob rau hauv 1069 nws muaj ntaub ntawv rau lawv scorched ntiaj teb tactics (lub Germans yeej twb tsis yog thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Katyn). Wilhelm tsis tawm ib punitive ntoj ke mus kawm nyob rau tag nrho qhov chaw ntawm lub hav rau lub York Durham los yog lub tsev los yog ib tug nyob tus neeg - tsis muaj. Qhov no suab puam tau sawv mus txog rau lub kaum ob xyoo pua, thaum me ntsis los ntawm me ntsis nws pib mus rau khom. Tab sis qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, yog tsis tseem ceeb yuav tshwm ntawm cov Norman conquest ntawm ces.

kev tswj lub koom haum

Xav tag nrho cov Anglo-Saxons li rebels, William lub Conqueror txuas ntxiv mus hu nws tus kheej qhov tseeb txais Eduarda Ispovednika. Tam sim ntawd tom qab lub accomplishment ntawm "English Katyn" tag nrho cov pawg neeg thaj av ntawm ces los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm tus huab tais. Confiscation muaj tsis tau tsuas yog lub rebels tab sis kuj cov neeg uas twb tsis sufficiently loyal rau lub tshiab tsoom fwv.

Lossis loj av uas los ntawm lub Crown, coj enormous nyiaj khwv tau los: nqi xauj tsev los ntawm leasing lub sheriffs, leej twg ces khob qhov rooj nws los ntawm neeg zoo tib yam. Yog li ntawd xauj nws, muab piv rau lub sij hawm Eduarda Ispovednika, nws yog ntau dua los ntawm ntau tshaj li tsib caug feem pua. Lub teb chaws tau pom zoo rau cov uas. Vim li cas twb pib Norman conquest ntawm ces? Luv luv - rau profit. Tab sis tsis yog.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, William tshuav nws tus kheej tsis yog tag nrho, tab sis yog nws qhia yog tiag tiag ib tug tsov ntxhuav. Feuds, uas tau txais nws cov approximate, twb kaum lub sij hawm ntau rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Normandy. Wilhelm Koom Txoos rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tsis mob, thov tsis txhob coj tam sim ntawd.

Nyob Hais tsim castles - thiab cov uas yooj yim, nrog tej yam yooj yim mounds nrog Moats thiab palisades, thiab complex engineering lug los mas ib tug ntev siege. Coob loj loj pob zeb citadel, zoo li lub Ntauwd ntawm London, Rochester, Hedingema. cov castles twb tsis baronial. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau koom rau cov vaj ntxwv. Lub conquest ntawm ces los ntawm William ntawm Normandy mus.

"Domesday Phau ntawv"

Yog li ntawd hu ua av census nyob rau hauv 1085, uas muaj nyob rau William nyob rau hauv ces. Nws yog ib tug heev ncauj lus kom ntxaws phau ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv uas raug muab cais ua peb seem: ua ntej lub conquest, lub xyoo 1066 thiab lub xyoo 1085. Nws tau raug sau dua tshiab: muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txhua tus thiab txhua txhua lub nroog av pua pua, lub caij nyoog nyiaj khwv tau los, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tus xov tooj ntawm cov neeg, lawv tus mob. Cov neeg yog cov kiag li tag nrho cov barons, sheriffs, kev laus, free txiv neej thiab rau serfs los ntawm txhua lub zos. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv ua tim khawv nyob rau hauv cog. Yog li, peb caug-plaub, peb caug-yim ntawm lub cheeb nroog tau sau dua tshiab.

txoj cai

Nws yog ib tug zoo txav mus rau saib lub ntsiab qhov yuav tshwm ntawm lub Norman conquest ntawm ces. William lub census downright muab cov lus qhia txog tau nyiaj khwv tau los thiab pom ib txoj kev rau systematize weaning "Danish nyiaj". Cov phau ntawv yog ib tug loj loj, ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab kom yog. William pom tau hais tias nws yog ua tau rau keb lub levies Norman conquest ntawm ces. Piav mentsis txog xws li ib tug phau ntawv tsis ua kev zoo siab.

Estates uas William muab rau ib yam ntawm cov barons, yeej tsis sab los ntawm sab nrog cov neeg thaj av, uas twb muaj Baron. Piv txwv li, Robert Merton muaj txog yim manors, uas tau nyob rau hauv plaub caug lub nroog. Rau lwm tus - ib tug me ntsis me me, tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tib yam.

Nws yuav zoo li absurd. Tiam sis ntawm no dua ib tug ntshiab xam. Tsis Baron yuav tsis tau ntxiv dag zog nws cov cawv nyob rau hauv tej qho kev county, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yuav pab ntxiv dag zog rau muaj koob muaj npe lub hwj chim. Cov xwb yog cov feudal lords-tiv thaiv, thaiv rawv lub le caag rau lub hiav txwv thiab av. Lawv muaj ntau txoj cai thiab txawm tsim nyog. Hais tom qab lub Norman conquest thawj pib xav tias ib tug ib lub xeev.

Tus huab tais raws li lub zoo tshaj plaws tswv ntawm tag nrho cov av nyob rau hauv ces yog Overlord ntawm tag nrho cov uas tuav teb chaws, tsis muaj teeb meem qhov twg thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi tshwm sim lawv tej nuj nqis uas tau txais nws. Wilhelm tag nrho cov tswv av ua txhua yam los ntawm lus cog tseg rau Vajntxwv Service (Salisbury cog). English Tshwj xeeb purely feudal arrangement - chaw ua hauj lwm huab tais tshaj nws lub taub hau tas nws vassals. King tau ntau pab txhawb nqa thiab credibility. Lub teb chaws tom qab lub conquest ntawm lub dag zog ntawm ob lub tsoom fwv, txawm ib tug ntau ntawm kev tu siab thiab kev txom nyem. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab qhov yuav tshwm ntawm lub Norman conquest ntawm ces.