"Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha": ib txoj kev. "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha," Solzhenitsyn

Peb tau nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Soviet ntaub ntawv ua hauj lwm, luam tawm rau loj kev, thiab ces mam li nco dheev ua taboo. Thaum xub thawj lawv tsuas thau los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv, thiab ces pib rau Hunt rau cov twb luam cov ntawv luam. Ces nws tau los ua pheej hmoo ua kom muaj ib tug typewritten daim ntawv (replication txhais tau tias lub teeb zoo li copiers ces luag tsis yog, thiab rau cov muaj nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv nruj tswj). Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, lub loj uas muaj feem yuav txawm cov neeg uas nyeem ib zaj dab neeg los ib tug tshiab, los ntawm virtue ntawm lawv hais lus muaj peev xwm ua kom hais lus qhia tsawg kawg yog lawv txoj kev. "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" - ib tug ntawm cov tej hauj lwm.

tsim

Nyob rau hauv 1951, Alexander Solzhenitsyn tau matured lub tswv yim lub tswv yim ntawm zaj dab neeg, tom qab nyeem ntawv hais tias, cov neeg ntawm lub Soviet Union yuav tsum tau los txiav txim rau tej yam kev mob thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg raug kaw-neeg raug kaw. Nws yog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Kazakhstan, qhov twg lub neej yav tom ntej Nobel laureate ua hauj lwm ib tug kab lus. Los ntawm kev kaj ntug (sawv twb teem nyob rau ntawm tsib nyob rau hauv lub yav sawv ntxov) thiab mus dai rau saum lub cim tseem ceeb nyob ib tug tag nrho lub neej tag nrho ntawm kev ntxhov siab, tej hauj lwm, uas yuav muaj thiab raug kev txom nyem. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, npaj cov kev ua hauj lwm thiab nws cov lus xaus. "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" piav qhia txog lub txhua hnub ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug neeg los ntawm cov multi-million dollar "ua hauj lwm pab tub rog", forged lub economic zaum ntawm lub Soviet regime. Cov no yog cov "convict" tsim ib tug loj sib qhia ntawm tas nrho cov domestic khoom ntawm lub Soviet Union rau vaj huam sib luag hauv paus nrog cov powerless thiab qaug peasants, robbed thiab yeej ib txwm tshaib plab. Hais txog Tus tswv teb nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg kuj tham txog lub cim tseem ceeb naively wondering siab rov qab los ntawm kev tsov kev rog cov qub tub rog yuav tsum tsis txhob tu siab txoj hmoo ntawm tus qhev thiab thov rau tej chaw ua hauj lwm deb ntawm nws haiv neeg lub zos, nws yog ntshaw nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Txawm li cas los, qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej raug kaw tau harsher tshaj cov neeg ntawm lub poorest neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub collective ua liaj ua teb. Cov zaj dab neeg ces muaj xwb nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov kws ntawv, nyob rau nws daim ntawv nws raug kev txom nyem tom qab nyob rau hauv Ryazan, qhov twg tsis muaj A. I. Solzhenitsyn tswm nyob rau hauv 1957.

cuaj hnub zem

Nyob rau hauv 1959, lub Soviet Union tau sib ntaus sib tua tsis tau tsuas yog tiv thaiv lub ntiaj teb no imperialism, tab sis kuj nrog lub remnants ntawm voluntarism, Stalinism, thiab lwm yam "isms" uas tabkaum rau pem hauv ntej lub zog ntawm ib tug zog rau yav tom ntej. Nws thiaj li tau tshwm sim hais tias zaj dab neeg sau los ntawm ib tug qub inmate twb muab cov ntaub ntawv uas, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm uas, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lus, nyob rau hauv lub "sib" los yog "mainstream". Nws tsis tau xav hais tias ib tug txawj sau ntawv raws li ib tug txoj kev mus cuag lub koob meej los yog vam meej, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib tug yooj yim hmoov zoo. Lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv thiab hauv lub xeev N. S. Hruschev nyob rau hauv nws hais lus nyob rau hauv lub XXII Congress ntawm lub CPSU hammered zaum kawg rau tes nyob rau hauv lub hleb hau ntawm Stalinism (yam tsawg kawg nws xav tias li ntawd), kuv yog npaj txhij mus rau tim lub cev ntawm lub qub thawj coj ntawm lub Mausoleum. Nws yog ces hais tias tus neeg sau dared los qhia nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Anna Samoylovna Berzer, luag department editor ntawm qhov nrov magazine "New World". Nws mus nrog tus ntawv sau rau cov thawj ntawm cov editor Tvardovsky thiab muab nws ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg "Ib tug hnub nyob rau hauv lub Ivana Denisovicha", hloov lub npe ntawm tus kws nyob rau hauv lub Ryazan. Target ntaus yog, nws ciali, tawg ntho, tab sis qhov uas yuav muaj yog tseem tsis tshem tawm.

Lub zog txoj kev tus ntawv sau

Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, cov khoom no tag nrho raws li lub tog kab, hais tias nyob rau hauv XX, XXI thiab XXII Congress, rau txim rau tus "excesses". Nyob rau hauv 1961, nws yog fashionable rau tsis yuav Stalin, tab sis tseem yuav tsum "cia li tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txhua txhua ugliness." A. Twardowski, nws tus kheej, yog ib tug tswv ntawm tus cwj mem, qhuas tus artistic zoo ntawm zaj dab neeg thiab muab nws ua ib siab tau, thiab ces cev cov ntawv sau ntawm nws cov khub txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub khw, muab ib yam ua ntej txoj kev. "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" nyeem Ehrenburg, Marshak, Paustovsky, Fedin thiab Chukovsky, uas kuj qhia lawv admiration. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim: yuav yeej cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub ntsiab txawj critic - ntawm Nikita Khrushchev. Thawj Secretary, yog feem ntau heev tibneeg hu tauj coob, lub sij hawm no reacted rau qhov kev thov ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub Soviet Writers 'Union zoo. Nws saib xyuas tsis yog tsuas yog ib lub ntsiab lus. "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha", uas yog ib tug retelling ntawm lub qhov ncauj Fadeeva xav Soviet thawj coj twb Nyeem, ntsuam xyuas thiab pom zoo.

kev vam meej

Yog li, lub thib kaum ib (November) qhov teeb meem ntawm "New World" nyob rau hauv 1962 nrog Solzhenitsyn ntawv nyeem mus rau hauv kev. 96.900 cov phau ntawv Magazine tau swept los ntawm hauv txee ntawm bookshops thiab chaw Sayuzdruk. Raws li 25000th ntxiv qhov teeb meem, tab sis nws tsis tso tus nqhis dej tshaib plab los ntawm ib tug hnyav qhov tseeb ntawm lub Soviet neeg. Synopsis "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" phau ntawv yog teem tawm nyob rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb chav tsev thiab nyob rau hauv lub chav ua noj, twb hais nyob rau hauv ib tug ntxhi (heev ob peb cov neeg ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub tej kev txog kev), thiab tej zaum kuj nyob rau hauv ib lub suab nrov (feem ntau siab tawv ntawm UFW ntawm tog kev cai ywj pheej). Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj xyoo tom ntej, "Roman-gazeta" tsoo cov ntaub ntawv rau loj thiab sab laug 700,000th tsab ntawm typing lub qub qub dab neeg. Ib tug puas txhiab txawj nyeem ntawv rau tus sau ntxiv rau publishing tsev "Soviet txawj sau ntawv", tso ib daim volume. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau nyeem ntawv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (thiab qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv) tag nrho tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm ntau tshaj ib lab tau tsis ntau tshwm sim. Solzhenitsyn txais nyob rau hauv lub Union ntawm Soviet Writers.

Poob lawm nyob rau hauv translation

Cov khoom muaj ua lub npe hu ob nyob rau hauv lub USSR thiab txawv teb chaws. Western cov txawj nyeem ntawv accustomed mus rau digests thiab tsis thab kuv tus kheej kev hlub ntev ntawv, nws yog heev txaus siab rau ib txoj kev. "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" Solzhenitsyn sau ib tug theej nyuaj lus, tag nrho ntawm lager tswv yim thiab jargon. Yuav ua li cas tau piav rau cov Fabkis hais tias lo lus "ruam" nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb txhais tau tias tsis "me ntsis ruam" thiab xaus lus, xyuam xim perched nyob rau lub dog dig sau ntawv txaus qhia nrog rau cov khoom noj khoom haus yam khoom los yog bolnichke (nyob rau hauv lem - ib tug kho mob chaw nyob rau hauv lub camp). Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog tias lub kawm nyeem ntawv, uas nyob rau "tshaj lub toj", yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub USSR tib neeg txoj cai yog tsis respected, thiab muaj peev xwm muab tej. Thiab, oddly txaus, qhov no simplistic saib yog heev zoo ib yam nrog rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg sau txoj tej hauj lwm.

zaj dabneeg

Ua hauj lwm lub npe yog Ameslikas "Sch-854" - ib tug yeej tooj sau rau ntawm ib daim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas sewn mus padded tsho protagonist rau nws rov qab thiab lub hauv siab. Tale A. I. Solzhenitsyna "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" yog tej uas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg raug kaw ntawm lub neej, los ntawm cov uas tus neeg sau hais txog txoj kev khwv ntawm kev txaus siab thiab kev ntshaw ntawm cov neeg uas tau ua cov nyiaj ntawm lub hwj chim tag nrho tub ceev xwm tsoom fwv qhev. Lawv npau suav ntawm ib tug me ntsis so (tej zaum cia li ob peb feeb ntau txaus qhia), lawv xav kom tshwm sim los daus loj, uas frees lawv los ntawm muaj mus rau lub zog ua hauj lwm. Ces tseem yuav tau txais li, tab sis nws yog tom qab. Tau ib tug me ntsis ntau khob cij los sis ib tug ladle nrog ib daim ntawm lo, lwm yam khov qos yaj ywm - hmoov zoo. Yuav ua li cas yuav nws tag nrho ua ke txawm masterfully sau txoj kev? "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" - zaj dab neeg, woven tawm ntawm qhov dog dig lub neej ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tsis to taub tus neeg, txawm nrog rau feem ntau kev, yog hais tias nws tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li nws.

neeg

Thiab tsis tau muaj cov dab neeg nyob rau hauv lub narrative yuav retelling. Qhov no yog qhov biography ntawm lub cim, cov neeg ntawm txawv fates thiab cov cim. Ivan Denisovich Shukhov tiv thaiv, nws los ntawm ib tug neeg pluag tsev neeg. Tag nrho nws cov txhaum yog hais tias nws tau nyob rau hauv captivity. Muaj tseem yog ib tug Baptist Alyosha, txhua yam yog tseeb rau nws. Activist Cesar xinesmas cia ib co tsis yog li ntawd, raws li tsim nyog, ib tug yeeb yam, thiab yog li nws tsis tas txoj hauj lwm. Hluas Western Ukrainian Gopchik pab tau nws tus khub villagers, Bandera, uas mus rau hauv lub hav zoov. Naval tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub Bund yog me ntsis txog cov lub British, nws mus nrog lawv mus Arkhangelsk, tab sis tom qab tsov rog tau txais ib qho khoom plig los ntawm nws British colleague, thiab qhov ntau muaj txim txhaum. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, ib tug ntau ntawm cov cim, lawv txhua tus yus, thiab yog hais tias peb piav qhia txog tag nrho lawv, nws yog tsis zoo li mus tau ib txoj kev. "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" yog ib tug social ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm cov haiv neeg, ua ib tug ntse taus ntawm Stalin lub kev ncaj ncees. Nws seb puas tsimnyog tau cov lus nug txog qhov xwm heev ntawm lub communist lub tswv yim thiab qhia nws mauj kev phem. Qhov no yog vim li cas hais tias cov khoom tau raug txwv nyob rau hauv lub seventies.