Mixed forests ntawm Russia. Nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj ntawm mixed hav zoov. Av tov forests

Tej yam thiab mixed forests ua li ib tug me npaum li cas feem pua ntawm cov hav zoov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, dua li coniferous taiga. Nyob rau hauv Siberia, lawv yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv zoo rau nws. Tej yam thiab mixed forests raug rau cov nyob sab Europe ib feem ntawm Russia thiab cov Far Eastern cheeb tsam. Lawv daim ntawv no deciduous thiab coniferous ntoo. Lawv tsis tsuas muaj ib tug tov muaj pes tsawg leeg tom hav zoov es, tab sis kuj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj qus, ua hauj phiv tej influences, cov qauv ntawm cov mosaic.

Hom thiab layering ntawm mixed forests

Muaj me me-leaved thiab coniferous thiab mixed deciduous hav zoov. Thawj loj hlob tsuas yog nyob rau continental chaw. Mixed forests muaj ib tug kom meej meej pom layering (kev hloov nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm muaj, nyob ntawm seb qhov siab). Lub topmost tier - siab spruce, ntoo thuv, ntoo qhib. Me ntsis qis loj hlob birch, maples, elms, lindens, qus txiv moj coos thiab Kua ntoo, yau oakery thiab lwm tus neeg. Ntxiv muaj qis ntoo: Rowan, viburnum thiab lwm yam tom ntej theem fab daim ntawv: .. Viburnum, hazel, hawthorn, qus sawv fab, raspberries thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Tom ntej no tuaj lub lov tas vau. Thaum tus heev hauv qab no loj hlob tshuaj ntsuab, Lichens thiab mosses.

Intermediate thiab hauv paus txawm ntaub ntawv ntawm coniferous-me me-leaved forests

Ib tug interesting feature yog hais tias lub mixed-leaved arrays pom tau hais tias yuav tsuas muaj intermediate theem ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug coniferous hav zoov. Txawm li cas los, lawv tuaj thiab hauv paus txawm: arrays ntawm pob zeb birch (Kamchatka), birch nyuaj nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, Aspen ntoo thiab swampy Alder (sab qab teb ntawm cov European ib feem ntawm Russia). me me-leaved hav zoov hom yog heev ci. Nws yeej txhawb luxuriant kev loj hlob ntawm cov nyom cover thiab nws muaj ntau haiv neeg. Coniferous hav zoov mixed tej yam hom, los ntawm contrast, koom mus rau ib tug ruaj khov tej yam ntuj tso formations. Nws yog faib nyob rau hauv txoj kev hloov tsam ntawm boreal thiab deciduous hom. Coniferous-deciduous hav zoov loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub nras thiab nyob rau hauv qis roob tsam nrog me me thiab noo climatic tej yam kev mob.

Zone tov thiab deciduous forests

Coniferous-deciduous hav zoov loj hlob nyob rau hauv rhaub cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub kub tsis txias cheeb tsam. Lawv txawv los ntawm ntau yam thiab richness ntawm cov nyom cover. Loj hlob quas ntus ib daim hlab ntawm European Russia mus rau lub Far East. Lawv ua hauj lwm yog paaj rau cov neeg. Mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub taiga yog ib tug cheeb tsam ntawm mixed forests. Lawv yog kis thoob plaws lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub East European Tiaj thiab cov Urals (mus txog rau lub Amur cheeb tsam). Tsis txhob tsim ib tug tas mus tsam.

Yog European ciam feem tej yam thiab mixed forests sab qaum teb lus dag hauv 57 ° c. w. Saum toj no nws disappears yuav luag tag ntoo qhib (ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tsob ntoo). South yuav luag nphav sab qaum teb ciam ntawm cov hav zoov steppe, qhov twg spruce disappears kiag li. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog ib feem nyob rau hauv tus duab ntawm ib daim duab peb sab, ob tug vertices ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv Russia (Ekaterinburg, St. Petersburg), thiab lub thib peb - nyob rau hauv Ukraine (Kiev). Hais tias yog, raws li qhov kev ncua deb los ntawm tus thawj hauv cheeb tsam rau sab qaum teb tej yam thiab mixed forests maj rho los ntawm cov watershed chaw. Lawv xav sov thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov hws khov cua ntawm tus dej hav nrog kev nkag tau mus rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm carbonate pob zeb. Raws li nws cov hav zoov ntawm deciduous thiab mixed hom me me arrays maj mus txog lub taiga.

East European Tiaj yog feem ntau tsawg-dag thiab tiaj tus struts, tab sis tej zaum kuj muaj toj. Ntawm no yog lub hauv paus pib, pas dej da thiab watersheds ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab dej ntws: lub Dnieper, Volga, Western Dvina. Lawv floodplains meadows yog interspersed nrog forests thiab pastures. Nyob rau hauv ib co thaj tsam, lub lowlands, vim hais tias ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm av, raws li tau zoo raws li lub tsawg txaus, tej zaum heev swampy. Muaj tej qhov chaw uas muaj zeb xau, uas loj hlob ntoo thuv forests. Lub marshes thiab clearings loj hlob txiv hmab txiv ntoo nroj thiab nyom. Lub cheeb tsam yog feem ntau haum rau coniferous-deciduous hav zoov.

tib neeg tej yam

Tej yam thiab mixed forests rau ib ntev lub sij hawm raug rau ntau yam influences los ntawm cov neeg. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau yam arrays tau hloov dramatically: radical nroj tsuag yog tag pov tseg los yog los yog kiag li hloov los ntawm theem nrab pob zeb. Tam sim no lub remnants ntawm deciduous hav zoov hom uas tau dim nyob rau hauv hnyav anthropogenic siab, muaj ntau lug muaj kev hloov. Ib txhia hom poob lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv hauv paus txawm loj hlob nyob rau hauv anthropogenically disturbed yeej los yog nyob intrazonal txoj hauj lwm.

kev nyab xeeb

Kev nyab xeeb ntawm mixed forests es bland. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm kuj sov nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no (nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 0 -16 °) thiab ntev lub caij ntuj sov (16-24 ° C) raws li muab piv nrog taiga tsam. Qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo dej nag - 500-1000 hli. Nws yog dav tshaj evaporation, uas yog ib tug feature ntawm lub express ntxuav dej tsoom fwv. Mixed forests muaj tus yam ntxwv feature yog lub theem siab ntawm cov nyom cover. Lawv biomass yog nyob rau nruab nrab 2-3 txhiab kg / ha. khib biomass ntau kuj tshaj taiga, txawm li cas los, vim rau qhov ntau dua ua si ntawm lub kab mob, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov organic tshuaj mus sai npaum li cas. Yog li ntawd mixed forests muaj ib tug me me thickness thiab ib tug ntau dua theem ntawm decomposition khib tshaj taiga conifer.

Xau mixed forests

Av tov forests yog ntau haiv neeg. Cover yog haum motley qauv. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub East European Tiaj yog lub feem ntau ntau hom sod-podzolic av. Nws yog ib yam ntawm cov classic yav qab teb podsolic xau thiab yog tsim xwb nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm leej niam leej txiv cov pob zeb av zoo ua qoob hom. Sod-podzolic av muaj tib lub qauv ntawm cov profile thiab ib tug uas zoo sib xws qauv. Nws txawv ntawm podsolic ntawm massiveness khib (5 cm) thiab ntau dua muaj peev xwm tag nrho horizons. Thiab nws tsis yog qhov txawv tsuas. Sod podsolic xau yog ntau pronounced humus qab ntug A1, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub litter. Nws tsos txawv los ntawm hais tias txheej ntawm podzolic xau. Lub sab qaum kev ib muaj rhizomes Sward thiab cov ntaub ntawv sod. Qab ntug yuav dawb lias nyob rau hauv txawv ntxoov txho, thiab muaj ib tug xoob qauv. Hwj chim txheej - 5-20 cm, humus kev faib ua feem - txog li 4%. Lub sab qaum kev ib lub profile cov ntaub ntawv av yog acidic. Nrog lub deepening ntawm nws yuav me me.

Av tov broad-leaved forests

Grey hav zoov xau tov deciduous hav zoov raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub inland cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv faib los ntawm cov European ib feem mus rau Transbaikalia. Nyob rau hauv xws av sediments txeem mus rau qhov depths. Txawm li cas los, dej ntxhuav yog feem ntau heev sib sib zog nqus. Yog li ntawd, wetting lub av rau lawv qib yog raug xwb nyob rau hauv heev moistened chaw.

Mixed hav zoov xau yog zoo suited rau ua liaj ua teb tshaj lub substrates taiga. Nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb thaj tsam ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm Russia arable av ua li 45% ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Ntawm lub sab qaum teb thiab taiga qhia ntawm arable av yog maj txo. Agriculture nyob rau hauv cov chaw no yog ib qhov nyuaj vim hais tias ntawm muaj zog leaching, waterlogging thiab av zavalunennosti. Yog xav tau zoo loo yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau ntawm chiv.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov fauna thiab muaj

Nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj ntawm mixed tom hav zoov yog heev ntau haiv neeg. Lub hom richness ntawm muaj thiab fauna yog piv rau cov teb chaws sov zoov nuj txeeg thiab yog lub tsev mus rau ntau txhom thiab herbivores. Ntawm no nyob rau hauv high ntoo loj hlob keeb kwm squirrels thiab lwm yam tsiaj, nyob rau hauv crowns ua zes cov noog ntawm cov keeb kwm burrow equips hares thiab hma, thiab tsis deb ntawm tus dej otters nyob. Hom ntau haiv mixed tsam yog heev loj. Ces xav tias xis raws li lub inhabitants ntawm lub taiga thiab deciduous hav zoov, thiab hav zoov-dwellers. Ib txhia yog tsaug zog thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo, thiab lwm yam rau lub caij ntuj no hibernate. Nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj ntawm mixed forests muaj ib tug symbiotic kev sib raug zoo. Muaj ntau herbivores pub rau txawv berries, uas nyob rau hauv mixed forests heev npaum li cas.

Tsob ntoo tov hav zoov

Mixed-leaved forests txog 90% muaj coniferous ntoo thiab me me-leaved hom. Tej yam hom tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas. Ua ke nrog cov ntoo thuv lawv loj hlob Aspen, birch, Alder, willow, poplar. Birch muaj li ntawm arrays ntawm no hom tshaj plaws. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yog theem nrab - uas yog zus nyob rau hauv hav zoov hluav taws kub, clearings thiab glades, qub qub arable av. Nyob rau hauv qhib yeej, xws forests zoo resumed nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm loj hlob sai heev. Nthuav lawv qhov chaw txhawb rau tib neeg kev ua ub no.

Coniferous-deciduous hav zoov muaj feem ntawm fir ntoo, lindens, pines, Oaks, elms, elms, maples, thiab nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-western cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation - beech, tshauv thiab hornbeam. Cov tib ntoo, tab sis lub zos hom loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub Far East, nrog rau cov txiv hmab, Manchurian walnut thiab tej hmab. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm kev loj hlob Tshuag ntawm forests coniferous-deciduous hom nyob rau climatic tej yam kev mob, topography, av thiab hydrological regime ntawm ib tug thaj av ntawd. Nyob rau hauv lub North Caucasus yog yeej los ntawm ntoo qhib, ntoo thuv, Maple, fir thiab lwm hom. Tab sis qhov tseem muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog cov Far Eastern forests coniferous-deciduous hom. Lawv tsim los ntawm cedar ntoo thuv, Khingan fir, spruce ayyanskoy, ob peb hom maple, Manchurian tshauv, Mongolian ntoo qhib, Amur linden thiab cov aforementioned haiv neeg hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Hom ntau haiv neeg ntawm fauna

Los ntawm loj herbivores nyob rau hauv mixed forests elk, nyuj qus, npua, mos lwj thiab Sika mos lwj (mas thiab nruj heev heev daim ntawv no). Los ntawm Cov nas tam sim no tom hav zoov cov nqaijrog marten, ermine, tus ntshuab, chipmunks, ntshuab, nas, badgers, mink, ferrets dub. Mixed forests abound nrog ntau hom noog. Ntawm no yog muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv, tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua: oriole, nuthatch, siskin, fieldfare, goshawk, hazel grouse, bullfinch, nightingale, cuckoo, hoopoe, grey crane, goldfinches, woodpeckers, grouse, finch. Ntau dua los yog tsawg loj txhom hais hma, lynx thiab hma. Mixed forests yog tseem lub tsev mus rau luav (hares thiab hares), lizards, hedgehogs, nab, qav thiab xim av bears.

Nceb thiab berries

Berries yog hais blueberry, txiv pos, cranberry, cranberry, blackberry, lws suav, pos nphuab, bramble, elderberry, Rowan, cranberry, rosehips, hawthorn. Lub forests ntawm no hom ntau ntau siav nceb: Aspen, dawb ncej, chanterelles, russula, nceb, nceb, butter nceb, volnushki ntau yam blewits, boletus, Mokhovikov, nceb thiab lwm tus neeg. Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txaus ntshai lom toadstools yog macromycetes thiab daj ntseg toadstool.

lov tas vau

Lavxias teb sab tov forests abound lov tas vau. Tier undergrowth unusually tsim. Rau khoom ntoo qhib yus muaj los ntawm qhov kuaj pom ntawm hazel, ntxaiv tsob ntoo, hma Laka, honeysuckle ntoo, thiab nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb cheeb tsam - Alder buckthorn. Thaum lub npoo thiab nyob rau hauv qhib woodlands loj hlob rosehips. Nyob rau hauv lub forests ntawm coniferous thiab broad-leaved hom ces yuav tsum lianoobraznye nroj tsuag: Calystegia sepium, hops nce toj, bittersweet.

tshuaj ntsuab

Ib tug poj koob muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm hom, raws li zoo raws li ib tug complex ntsug qauv muaj nyom mixed forests (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog coniferous thiab broad-leaved hom). Feem ntau thiab dav sawv cev qeb - ib tug mesophilic cog tsis dawb huv. Ntawm lawv yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm oakwood. Nws yog ib tsob nroj uas nws nplooj phaj muaj ib tug ntau yam pauv loj dav. Cov muaj xws li: Mercurialis perennis, av laus, Lungwort, Lily ntawm cov hav, European qus Ginger, ntxhuav sedge, Zelenchuk daj, chickweed lanceolate, sochevnik (dub thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav), violet amazing. Cereals yog sawv cev Asherah Bluegrass, fescue giant, hav zoov reed nyom, Brachypodium pinnatum, boron thiab ib co lwm yam ntawm kis tus kab mob. Pav ca cov ntaub ntawv nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog ib qho kev xaiv kom hloov mus rau ib qho fitosrede coniferous-deciduous hav zoov.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov perennial tsiaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv poob lawm no tseem nyob nyom ephemeral pawg. Nws loj hlob rau lub caij, lawv muaj pauv mus rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav lub sij hawm, thaum lub siab tshaj plaws teeb pom kev zoo. Thaum cov daus melts, namely blooming beautifully ephemeroids daim ntawv ntaub pua plag ntawm daj anemones thiab gus bows hohlatok liab doog thiab xiavlus ntshav-prolesok. Cov nroj tsuag mus los ntawm ib tug lub neej voj voog rau ib tug ob peb lub lis piam, thiab thaum twg lub nplooj ntawm cov ntoo loj hlob tuaj, lawv sim saum nruab ntug ib feem nws thiaj li tuag. Phiv lub sij hawm lawv muaj kev nyob rau hauv lub txheej ntawm av raws li tubers, qhov muag teev thiab rhizomes.