Mikhail Speransky: Phau ntawv sau txog nws lub neej, kev ua si, cov duab

Ib tug zoo-paub official thiab reformer Mikhail Speransky (xyoo ntawm lub neej: 1772-1839) yog hu ua tus sau ob peb cov kev pab cuam rau kev hloov Lavxias teb sab cai thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Nws ciaj lub ncov thiab poob ntawm nws cov hauj lwm, tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm nws lub tswv yim twb siv, tab sis nws yog nws lub npe hais tias yog synonymous nrog mas kev taw qhia, uas yuav tsim peb lub xeev nyob rau hauv Alexander kuv thiab Nicholas I.

thaum yau

Lub neej yav tom ntej statesman Mikhail Speransky yug lub ib hlis ntuj 1, 1772 nyob rau hauv Vladimir xeev. Nws yog ntawm humble paus - nws tus txiv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab nws niam yog tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug dis kas. Nws yog cov niam txiv feem ntau pab cov cim thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov me nyuam. Nws sai sai kawm nyeem ntawv thiab nyeem ib tug ntau. Great cawv rau cov Misha muaj ib tug yawg hais tias muaj ntau mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab qhia nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv nrog xws li ib qho tseem ceeb cov phau ntawv raws li "Phau Ntawv Teev" thiab "Tus Thwj Tim."

Txawm tom qab nws nce Mikhail Speransky tsis hnov qab txog lawv lub hauv paus pib. Raws li Secretary of State, nws ntxuav nws chav tsev thiab feem ntau differed kom yus hnav zoo nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab tsis tau.

Michael pib nws systematic kev kawm nyob rau hauv 1780 nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub Vladimir diocesan tsev kawm Vajluskub. Nws yog muaj vim hais tias ntawm lub zoo heev muaj peev xwm ntawm tus tub rau thawj lub sij hawm kaw nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Speransky uas yog ib tug carbon daim qauv ntawm cov Latin chaw, txhais tau tias 'pub rau pem hauv ntej'. Cov txiv ntawm tus me nyuam yog Vasiliev. Mikhail Speransky tam sim ntawd sawv tawm los ntawm cov neeg coob coob ntawm nws cov thwj tim wit, muaj siab xav kawm, kev hlub ntawm kev nyeem ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug coj tab sis ua cim muaj zog. Cov vaj lug kub tso cai rau nws kawm Latin thiab Greek lus.

Tsiv mus St. Petersburg

Michael yuav nyob nyob rau hauv Vladimir thiab pib ib pawg ntseeg cov hauj lwm. Nws txawm los ua tus cellmate ntawm lub zos Abbot. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv 1788 raws li ib tug ntawm cov brightest thiab feem ntau feemxyuam menyuam kawm ntawv Speransky tau txais ib lub caij nyoog mus rau St. Petersburg thiab txuas ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov Alexander Nevsky tsev kawm Vajluskub. Qhov chaw ua hauj yog nyob rau hauv tib tswj ntawm lub Synod. Qhov twg tshiab cov kev pab cuam yog tsim thiab qhia los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov xib fwb.

Lub chaw tshiab Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich kawm tsis tau tsuas yog kev ntseeg tab sis secular kawm, nrog rau kev kawm leb siab, physics, philosophy thiab Fabkis, uas thaum lub sij hawm yog ib tug thoob ntiaj teb. Cov vaj lug kub nruj kev qhuab qhia reigned, los ntawm kev uas cov menyuam kawm ntawv cov kev txawj ntse tau ntau ntau teev khaus puas siab puas ntsws ua hauj lwm. Tom qab Speranski kawm nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nws twb fascinated los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub teb chaws no. Mus saib tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab tseeb cov phau ntawv ua hluas seminarian ib qho ntawm feem educated neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv 1792 Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich kawm tiav los ntawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb. Nws nyob rau hauv lub kawm vaj lug kub, qhov twg ib tug ob peb xyoos nws yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, philosophy thiab hais lus zoo. Nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm spare nws nyiam ntawv tseeb, thiab sau paj huam. Ib txhia ntawm lawv twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub St. Petersburg txhua hnub. tus xib hwb seminary muab tawm rau tag nrho cov kev ua ub nyob rau hauv nws ib tug multilateral txiv neej nrog ib tug broad outlook.

Thaum pib ntawm cov pej xeem qhov kev pab

Nyob rau hauv 1795, ib tug hluas Speransky rau kev pom zoo ntawm Metropolitan Gabriel twb ntiav Aleksandrom Kurakinym. Nws yog ib tug muaj koob tsam ua hauj lwm thiab diplomats. Nrog accession rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Paul kuv, nws tau raug tsa Attorney General. Kurakin xav tau ib tug secretary uas yuav tiv nrog lub hnyav workload. Hais tias xws li ib tug txiv neej yog Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, nws xaiv ib tug secular hauj lwm cov hauj lwm hauv lub Koom Txoos. Nyob rau hauv lub kawm vaj lug kub yeej tsis xav kom nrog lub feemxyuam kws qhia ntawv. Tsam tau caw nws tuaj noj monastic vows, tom qab uas Speransky yuav suav tau rau lub npe ntawm tus npis sov. Tab sis nws tsis kam, thiab nyob rau hauv 1797 tau txais cov nyob qib ntawm titular counselor nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tus prosecutor-general.

Heev sai sai tub ceev xwm nce lub hauj lwm ntaiv. Yog ib tug, nws los ua councilor ntawm lub xeev ib tug ob peb xyoos. Biography Speranskogo Mihaila Mihaylovicha - yog zaj dab neeg txog lub ceev ceev sawv ntawm cov kev pab cuam vim qhov cim kev kawm thiab txuj ci. Cov qualities tso cai rau nws tsis tau tus me nyuam muas lwj ua ntej cov tub ceev xwm, uas coj mus rau nws unquestionable txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Tseeb, Speransky ua hauj lwm feem ntau rau cov kev pab ntawm lub xeev, thiab xwb ces xav hais tias txog lawv tus kheej nyiam.

Sawv ntawm lub reformer

Nyob rau hauv 1801, tus tshiab Lavxias teb sab huab tais Alexander I. Nws los ua radically txawv los ntawm nws despotic txiv Paul, uas yog lub npe hu mus rau cov tub rog tus cwj pwm zoo thiab conservative views. Tus tshiab huab tais yog ib tug tsis nrug thiab xav kom lawv lub teb chaws tag nrho cov kho uas tsim nyog rau lub qub kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, lawv yog cov yuav lug txhim khu cov pej xeem freedoms.

Cov tib views sib txawv thiab Mikhail Speransky. Cov biography ntawm no daim duab yog tsis tshua muaj mas: nws tau ntsib nrog Alexander kuv, thaum nws tseem crown prince, tab sis ib tug hauj lwm kev koom tes nyob rau hauv resettlement ntawm St. Petersburg, ua ib lub xeev councilor. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tam sim ntawd pom ib qho lus, thiab lub neej yav tom ntej huab tais tsis hnov qab hloov ib tug kaj haiv neeg ntawm lub xeev ntawm Vladimir. Nrog accession rau lub zwm txwv, Alexander kuv tsa Speransky Secretary of State Dmitry Troshchinsky. Tus txiv neej no yog ib tug senator thiab ib tug ntawm cov huab tais tus tshiab trustees.

Tsis ntev cov kev ua ub Mihaila Speranskogo kos cov xim ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub zais pawg neeg. Nws yog tus ze tshaj rau Alexander statesmen koom nyob rau hauv ib tug kos lub voj voog rau kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv ceev kho. Speransky los ua ib tug pab cuam rau tus naas ej Victor Kochubey.

Ntawm daim card pawg neeg

Twb tau nyob rau 1802, vim daim card pawg neeg, Alexander kuv tsim ib tug hauj lwm qhuab qhia. Lawv hloov lub outdated thiab tawg paj txi txiv kawm ntawv qib siab Petrine era. Kochubei los ua tus thawj Minister ntawm lub sab hauv, thiab Speransky - nws Secretary of State. Nws yog lub zoo meej clerical worker: ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv rau dozens ntawm cov sij hawm ib hnub twg. Tsis ntev Mikhail pib sau lawv tus kheej sau ntawv siab tshaj plaws ob tog, qhov chaw kawm tawm nws views on cov cua ntsawj ntshab ntawm tej yam kho.

Nws tsis yog amiss mus ib zaug dua hais tias lub views ntawm Speransky tsim los ntawm kev nyeem cov Fabkis philosophers ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua: .. Voltaire, etc. nrug cov tswv yim State Secretary rawv nrog cov tub ceev xwm. Tsis ntev, nws raug tsa taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kho kom zoo tej yaam num.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Mikhail Mikhailovich formulated qhov yooj yim cov kev cai ntawm tus naas ej "Decree ntawm free cultivators." Nws yog tus thawj txaj muag kauj ruam ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Raws li txoj cai, cov ua nom ua tswv yuav tam sim no cia tus peasants nrog lub teb chaws. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qhov no teg num tau heev me ntsis lus teb los ntawm cov privileged chav kawm ntawv, Alexander yog txaus siab nrog lub chaw ua hauj lwm ua. Nws qhia rau pib contingency npaj radical kho nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich twb muab tso rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm tus txheej txheem no. Luv luv biography ntawm lub statesman yog amazing: nws, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo, tab sis los ntawm lawv tus kheej muaj peev xwm thiab zog ua hauj lwm yuav tau mus rau lub sab saum toj ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab nom tswv Olympus.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1803 mus 1806. Speransky yog tus sau ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv xa mus rau huab tais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv Secretary of State analyzed lub ces lub xeev ntawm cov judiciary thiab cov thawj. Lub ntsiab tswv yim txog ntawm Mikhail Mikhailovich yog hloov cov nom tswv system. Raws li nws tus sau ntawv, Russia yuav tsum ua ib tug kev cai monarchy, qhov twg lub huab tais twb deprived ntawm meej hwj chim. Cov projects twb tsis pom tau hais, tab sis Alexander pom zoo ntau theses Speransky. Vim lawv txoj hauj lwm no official kuj kiag li hloov lub hom lus ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv chaw ua hauj lwm. Nws muab heev heev archaisms ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo, thiab nws xav rau ntawm daim ntawv, devoid ntawm ruaj, twb crisp thiab kom meej raws li sai tau.

pab huab tais

Nyob rau hauv 1806 Alexander kuv tau ua lub qub seminarian nws thawj pab, "xaiv" nws nyob rau hauv Kochubey. Huab tais twb yuav tsum tau yog ib tug txiv neej zoo li Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Luv luv biography ntawm lub civil tub qhe yuav tsis ua tsis muaj ib tug piav txog ntawm nws kev sib raug zoo nrog cov huab tais. Alexander Speransky muaj nuj nqis feem ntau rau nws rho tawm los ntawm ntau yam aristocratic voj voog, txhua tus uas lobbied rau lawv tus kheej nyiam. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib tug commoner Michael ua si rau hauv nws txhais tes. Nws pib tau txais kev txiav txim los ntawm tus huab tais tus kheej.

Nyob rau hauv no raws li txoj cai Speranski koom nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub kawm vaj lug kub - tus kheej ze rau nws lub ntsiab. Nws yog tus neeg sau ntawm lub cai uas tswj tag nrho cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov tsev. Cov kev cai no yam xyuam xim lasted kom txog thaum 1917. Ib qho tseem ceeb enterprise Speransky li cov Auditor ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev kawm ntawv - drafting ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws tau sau tseg rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub Tsarskoye selo Lyceum. Qhov no tsev ob peb tiam tau kawm xim ntawm lub teb chaws - cov tub hluas ntawm cov feem ntau venerable aristocratic tsev neeg. Nws kawm tiav yog Alexander Pushkin.

diplomatic kev pab cuam

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Alexander kuv yog heev tibneeg hu tauj coob txawv teb chaws txoj cai. Mus rau teb chaws Europe, nws tsis coj Speransky nrog nws. Yog li ntawd nws yog nyob rau hauv 1807, thaum Congress nyob Erfurt Napoleon. Nws yog ces hais tias cov teb chaws Europe ua ntej kawm uas yog Michael Speransky. Luv luv biography ntawm tus tub ceev xwm yuav tsum hais nws txawj Polyglot. Tab sis kom txog thaum 1807, nws yeej tsis tau txawv teb chaws.

Tam sim no, ua tsaug rau txoj kev paub ntawm cov lus thiab lawv txoj kev kawm, Speransky yuav surprise tag nrho cov outlandish delegations uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv Erfurt. Napoleon nws tus kheej kos mloog mus rau pab Alexander thiab txawm supposedly jokingly nug hais tias tus Lavxias teb sab huab tais los mus hloov lub feemxyuam Secretary of State "rau tej nceeg vaj." Tab sis txawv teb chaws Speranski kuj muab sau thiab kev siv tswv yim ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub delegation. Nws coj ib feem nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tham thiab cov lus xaus ntawm kev kaj siab ntawm Fabkis thiab Russia. Txawm li cas los, cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog muaj xwm txheej, thiab tsis ntev no npaj tau tsis nco qab lawm.

hauj lwm zenith

Speranski siv ib tug ntau lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm rau yog nqus tau cov uas yuav tsum tau rau kev nkag mus rau cov pej xeem kev pab. Paub txog ntau yam hauj lwm tsis sib haum mus rau theem ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Yog vim li cas rau qhov teeb meem no yog tibneeg ua cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub ntaus ntawv ua tsaug rau tsev neeg sib txuas. Yog li ntawd Speransky npaj cov kev taw qhia ntawm xeem cov kev xeem cov neeg uas xav ua hauj lwm. Alexander pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim no, thiab tsis ntev cov kev cai ua kev cai lij choj.

Nrog lub accession ntawm Finland rau Russia Speransky nws coj ntawm lub kho nyob rau hauv lub tshiab xeev. Muaj yog ib tug conservative nom tswv cajceg, li ntawd, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, Alexander muaj peev xwm kom paub lawv boldest mas lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv 1810, lub Xeev Council yog tsim los pab. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj ib lub txoj hauj lwm ntawm Secretary of State, uas ua Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Kev ua ub no reformer yog tsis nyob rau hauv vain. Tam sim no nws officially los ua tus thib ob tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub xeev.

disgrace

Heev heev Speransky kho cuam tshuam suab tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub teb chaws lub neej. Qhov chaw hloov tau radical, uas tsis kam ua lub inert ib feem ntawm lub zej zog. Mikhail tsis nyiam ua nom ua tswv, vim hais tias vim txoj kev nws yog lawv txaus siab tau raug kev txom nyem nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Los ntawm 1812, nyob rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm huab tais muaj ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm nom tswv thiab courtiers, uas pib rau intrigue tiv thaiv Speransky. Lawv kis cuav taug xaiv txog nws, xws li hais tias nws liam thuam huab tais. Nrog tus mus kom ze ntawm ntau ntseeg ntawm tsov rog pib nco ntsoov nws kev twb kev txuas nrog Napoleon nyob rau hauv Erfurt.

Nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1812, Mikhail Speransky twb tso los ntawm tag nrho nws cov posts. Nws twb kom mus rau tawm hauv capital. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog nyob rau hauv exile, thawj zaug nyob rau Nizhny Novgorod, thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub Novgorod xeev. Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab, nws tseem muaj kev tswj ntsoos ntsoos opals.

Nyob rau hauv 1816 nws tau raug tsa tswv xeev ntawm Penza. Mikhail Speransky, nyob rau hauv luv luv, paub me ntsis txog cov cheeb tsam no. Txawm li cas los, ua tsaug rau nws lub koom haum kev txawj ntse, nws muaj peev xwm los ua ib tug guarantor ntawm kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Cov neeg hauv zos nyiam yav tas los Secretary of State.

Tom qab Penza official yog nyob rau hauv Irkutsk, qhov uas nws ua hauj lwm rau lub Siberian tswv xeev los ntawm 1819 mus 1821. Ntawm no, qhov teeb meem no txawm ntau neglected tshaj nyob rau hauv Penza. Speranski ua kev kho: tsim charters rau kev tswj ntawm lub teb chaws minorities thiab cov txij nkawm ntawm nyiaj txiag kev ua si.

Dua nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg

Nyob rau hauv 1821, Mikhail Mikhailovich rau thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ntau xyoo, yog nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nws tiav nws lub rooj sib tham nrog Alexander I. Cov huab tais ua rau nws paub tseeb hais tias cov hnub qub, thaum Speransky yog tus neeg thib ob nyob rau hauv lub xeev, tom qab. Cuaj kaum, nws twb tsa taub hau ntawm lub Commission rau drafting cai. Nws yog raws nraim txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas nws twb tau mus feem ntau zoo siv rau tag nrho cov kev, uas los ntawm Mikhail Speransky. Keeb kwm portrait ntawm tus txiv neej no qhia tau hais tias nws yog ib tug zoo heev reformer. Yog li ntawd nws rov qab mus rau nws pom.

Thawj kauj ruam yog tiav Siberian official ua lag ua luam. administrative kho kom zoo twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv nws sau ntawv. Siberia twb muab faib ua East thiab West. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, lub reign ntawm Alexander kuv mob siab npaum li cas lub sij hawm mus rau lub arrangement ntawm cov tub rog koom. Tam sim no lawv tau ua thiab Speransky, leej twg, nrog rau Alekseem Arakcheevym taws los ntawm cov coj commission.

Thaum Nicholas kuv

Nyob rau hauv 1825 nws tuag lawm, Alexander I. Muaj ib tug phem kev kawm ntawm cov Decembrists. Speransky twb them nrog drafting lub Manifesto ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas I. Tus tshiab tswv xeev menyuam lub merits ntawm Speransky, txawm lub fact tias nws muaj ib tug nom tswv saib. Tseem ceeb official tseem tsis nrug. Ces tus huab tais yog ib tug conservative, thiab tawm tsam Vajtswv ntawm lub Decembrists txawm ntau tuned nws tiv thaiv cov kho.

Nyob rau hauv Nikolaev xyoo Speranskii ntsiab ua hauj lwm yog qhov kev npaj ntawm ib tug tag nrho pawg ntawm cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Multivolume tsab coj ua ke ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm ncees, cov thawj ntawm cov uas nyob rau hauv lub XVII caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1839 vim nws txoj hauj lwm zoo Speransky tau txais lub npe ntawm Count. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau lub ob hlis ntuj 11, nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 67 xyoo.

Nws si nyhav thiab ua ub no muaj ua lub cav ntawm Lavxias teb sab kho thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm lub reign ntawm Alexander I. Thaum lub zenith ntawm cov hauj lwm Speransky yog nyob rau hauv tibneeg tshaj plaws li disgrace, tab sis tom qab rov qab mus rau nws cov hauj lwm. Nws rau siab ntso ua hauj lwm rau hauv lub xeev, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tej kev nyuaj siab.