Mikhail Bulgakov: ua hauj lwm. Daim ntawv teev cov hauj lwm nrog cov hnub

Niaj hnub no peb qhia rau koj hais txog lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm tus naas ej kws sau paj lug thiab playwright Mikhail Bulgakov, daim ntawv teev cov khoom uas koj yuav nrhiav tau rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm.

Qhov no txiv neej tau yug los Tej zaum 3, 1891 nyob rau hauv Kiev. Nws niam nws txiv twb zoo-kev txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse cov neeg. Nws niam ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv preschools, thiab kawm tiav los ntawm lub Theological Academy txiv qhia nyob rau ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov kawg ntawm 1893 nws pib ua cov haujlwm ntawm tus Kyiv cheeb tsam censor, cov uas yog tus censorship ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsis tsuas Lavxias teb sab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus. Tab sis Michael tsev neeg muaj tsib cov me nyuam.

kev kawm

Bulgakov kawm nyob rau hauv lub Thawj Alexander Gymnasium, uas muaj ib theem siab ntawm kev kawm ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv 1909 nkag mus hauv lub Kiev University tsev kho mob. Ces, nyob rau hauv 1914, lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog. Nyob rau hauv 1916, tom qab kawm tiav, yav tom ntej txawj sau ntawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib daim teb lub tsev kho mob nyob rau hauv Cherepovets thiab Kamenetz-Podolsk. Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj ntawm lub tib lub xyoo nws twb rov los ntawm pem hauv ntej thiab xa mus rau lub taub hau nyob deb nroog tsev kho mob nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Smolensk.

Vyazemskij lub sij hawm

Nyob rau hauv 1917, Bulgakov twb pauv mus rau Vyazma. Qhov no txoj sia luv yog reflected nyob rau hauv cov generated creation, "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug hluas kws kho mob" nyob rau hauv 1926. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov, daim ntawv teev cov uas yog muab hauv qab no, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam tsis muaj ib tug mention ntawm no ua hauj lwm. Lub protagonist ntawm nws - ib tug txawj ntse kws kho mob, ib tug ncaj ncees neeg ua hauj lwm, feem ntau txuag cov neeg nyob rau hauv seemingly cia siab yam teeb meem, yog keenly paub txog qhov plight ntawm ruam peasants los ntawm Smolensk lag ntseg zos thiab pom tau tias powerless hloov dab tsi rau lub zoo dua.

kiv puag ncig

Cov kiv puag ncig tsoo lub npaj txoj kev ntawm lub neej. Nyob rau hauv lub sau ntawv "Kyiv-City" (1923), tus kws qhia nws lub tswv yim txog nws. Nws sau ntawv uas nrog lub revolutionary hloov menacing thiab mam li nco dheev "tuaj zaj dab neeg." Bulgakov zam los ntawm cov tub rog kev pab cuam tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, nws rov qab mus Kiev, uas twb tsis ntev nyob los ntawm cov German pab tub rog. Ntawm no cov txawj sau ntawv raus hauv lub maelstrom ntawm lub Civil War pib. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov, daim ntawv teev cov uas yog muab hauv qab no, muaj xws li cov creation ntawm cov xyoo.

Bulgakov - tus kws kho mob

Txij li thaum Mr Mikhail yog ib tug zoo kws kho mob, nws pab tau yuav tsum tau, thiab nws thiab lwm yam warring ob tog. Txawm tias nws yog nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem no tseem ncaj ncees rau lub humanist hom phiaj nyob rau hauv nws lub siab maj mam pib nce resentment tiv thaiv cov kev phem heev ntawm dawb thiab Petlurites tom qab reflected nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg uas "Hmo ntuj nyob rau peb tus xov tooj" thiab "ya" nyob rau hauv tus tshiab "Tus Dawb khwb" thiab plays "Khiav" thiab "Hnub ntawm turbines." Honestly ua kev kho mob luag hauj lwm, Bulgakov nyob rau hauv lig 1919, nws los ua ib tug unwitting tim khawv rau brutal teeb meem txhaum cai nyob rau hauv Vladikavkaz. Tsis kam yuav ib feem nyob rau hauv no tsov rog, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920, nws resigned los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Denikin Bulgakov. Tej hauj lwm, ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg uas koj yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, ib txoj kev los sis lwm muaj kev cuam tshuam no thiab lwm yam biographical cov ntsiab lus.

txawj ua hauj lwm

Mr Mikhail puas tau txiav txim siab mus rau tawm nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab mus pib kev sau ntawv ua hauj lwm los ntawm kev sau ntawv khoom rau lub zos ntawv xov xwm. Nws thawj thawj zaj dabneeg, nws tiav lawm nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm 1919. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no ntawm 1919-1920 nws twb sau ob peb humorous zajlus thiab cov dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv, "Tribute rau admiration," qhia zaj dab neeg txog txoj kev clashes uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog thiab cov kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Kiev.

theatrical plays

Bulgakov ua ntej Dawb so los ntawm Vladikavkaz, tiag mob relapsing ua npaws. Nws zoo tu qab tso nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1920, thaum lub Red Army twb nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov kws ntawv pib muab kev koom tes nrog rau cov revolutionary pawg neeg, ib tug nqe ntawm cov kawm Askiv, sau ntawv rau lub Ingush thiab Ossetian troupes ua si, zoo li nws views on lub kiv puag ncig. Lawv tsuas yog ib tug ib-hnub ntxhov siab thiab raug tsim mas nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ciaj sia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nyuaj. Vladikavkaz Bulgakov impressions tau reflected nyob rau hauv nws nto moo tshiab "Sau nyob rau hauv ris."

Tsiv mus Moscow

Thawj nyob rau hauv Tbilisi thiab ces nyob rau hauv Batumi Bulgakov lub sij hawm los mus txawv teb chaws. Tab sis nws paub hais tias nws yuav tsum tau nyob ze rau cov neeg nyob rau ntawm no tsis yooj yim lub sij hawm rau lub teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1921, Bulgakov tsiv mus rau Moscow. Txij li thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1922, tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv nws authorship tshwm tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv Moscow txhua hnub thiab ntawv xov xwm. Lub satirical tsab ntawv thiab pamphlets reflected cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov post-revolutionary zej zog. Lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm kev sau ntawv satire yog nouveaux kev nplua nuj-nepmen, uas nws hu ua "lub scum ntawm lub NEP" (zaj dabneeg luv luv "Khob ntawm lub neej" thiab "Trillioner"), raws li zoo raws li muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj theem ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm cov pejxeem: bazaar traders, cov neeg nyob rau Moscow communal, bureaucrats neeg ua hauj lwm thiab lwm cov neeg. Mr Mikhail sau ntawv thiab nta ntawm lub tshiab lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws tsab ntawv muaj cov me nyuam tub yog ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv (raws li ib tug cim ntawm tshiab tiam sis), taug kev raws txoj kev nrog ib tug tshiab Knapsack.

"Lub tuag qe"

"Lub tuag qe" luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1924, Bulgakov. Tej hauj lwm, daim ntawv teev cov uas yog muab hauv qab no, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam tsis muaj ib tug mention zaj dab neeg no. Nws txiav txim twb muab ncua mus rau hauv lub deb xav txog tej yam yav tom ntej, precisely ntau, nyob rau hauv 1928. Ces NEP tau los ua khees, xws li ib tug muaj zog sawv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nyob ntawm cov pejxeem. Duaj, lub ntsiab hero ntawm zaj dab neeg, tau ua ib tug zoo foundations uas yuav coj zoo kev pab rau tib neeg. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov khav, semi-literate neeg, nrog rau cov nascent bureaucracy, blossomed thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog communism thiab ntxiv ntxiv dag zog rau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm tus NEP nws txoj hauj lwm, lub invention yog ib tug xwm txheej no. Tsis tsuas yog txiv duaj, tab sis kuj yuav luag tag nrho cov heroes ntawm novels Bulgakov 20s tsis. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov nws nrhiav kev kom tus nyeem ntawv lub tswv yim ntawm unavailability ntawm lub neej niaj hnub mus txais tshiab ntsiab cai ntawm kev sib raug zoo raws li nyob rau hauv kev hwm rau cov neeg ua zog, kev txawj ntse thiab kab lis kev cai.

"Khiav" thiab "Hnub ntawm turbines"

Nyob rau hauv lub plays "Davhlau" thiab "Hnub ntawm turbines" (1925-1928 xyoo), tus kws portrayed lub fact tias tag nrho cov successive tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub Civil War yog siab phem rau intellectuals. Lub cim ntawm cov tej hauj lwm yog raug cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua "tshiab intellectuals" uas embraced lub kiv puag ncig thawj, los yog cautiously los yog tab tiv thaiv tawm tsam nws. Mr Mikhail ntshai nws tus kheej raws li ib tug txheej tshiab, raws li cov kev lom zem, sau nyob rau hauv nws feature tsab xov xwm "Capital nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv."

Lub plight ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv

Noog rau kev hloov, kuv muaj qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees, ua xyem xyav tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsuas, tab sis ho tu tsis tseg kom ntseeg tau tias nyob rau hauv cov neeg, nyob rau hauv tib neeg Bulgakov. Tej hauj lwm, ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg uas peb muaj, yog reflected. Lawv mas nrog nws thiab paub txog qhov cim nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, uas twb tau ntsib nrog thuam phem. Lub sib cem nyob rau hauv txawj sau ntawv nyob rau hauv 1929 intensified. Lawv raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub scene tag nrho cov ntawm nws plays: "Crimson Island," "Hnub ntawm turbines" thiab "Zoyka chav tsev". Ua nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim teeb meem no, tus kws txiav txim siab sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau tsoom fwv, uas nug rau kev tso cai mus rau tawm hauv lub teb chaws. Tsis ntev tom qab qhov kev sib tham nrog Stalin, tom qab uas Bulgakov raug tsa thawj coj ntawm lub Moscow Art Theatre raws li ib qho kev pab. Re-nyob rau hauv cov theem ntawm formulation ntawm Bulgakov tus plays, thiab tom qab ib co sij hawm - thiab re-enactment ntawm "tuag Souls" (Bulgakov).

Tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm, daim ntawv teev cov uas yog hais hauv qab no, yog teev nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, nyob rau hauv sib lawv liag, los ntawm qhov uas koj yuav pom tias tom qab 1927 nyob rau hauv luam tsis tshwm sim tej yam ntau kab ntawm tus sau, raws li nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm daim ntawv teev cov txwv. Dua li no, Mr Mikhail twb tsis tshuav tsev. Nws yog nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tsim rau tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov. Daim ntawv teev cov xyoo ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab lawv cov npe xa mus rau thaum xaus ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm.

"Xib Hwb thiab Margarita"

Nyob rau hauv 1933, tus kws ntawv los mus rau luam tawm ib tug tshiab twb ua "Lub neej ntawm Mr de Moliere" nyob rau hauv lub series "Nyob ntawm koj neeg", tab sis rov xav tias yuav tsis ua hauj lwm. Txog thaum nws tuag, Mr Mikhail yog tsis ua mus rau luam tawm lawv tej hauj lwm. Qhov no lub sij hawm nws mob siab rau kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm "Tus tswv thiab Margarita" tshiab, uas los ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj ua tau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm prose ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Mus ua hauj lwm coj 12 xyoo ntawm lub neej Bulgakov.

Early versions ntawm cov khoom ciali mus nws insufficiently kev vam meej, yog li nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb xyoos nws rov qab los dua thiab rov qab mus rau nws cim, kev tsis sib haum thiab yuav los nrog cov tshiab scenes. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1932, tus tshiab mas yuav kis tau zaj dabneeg tiav.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, Bulgakov, tab sis yog, thiab txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm, tseem tsis tsum luam tawm. Nws puas cia, thiab nws tau coj mus rau ib tug exacerbation ntawm tus kab mob thiab lub tom ntej thaum ntxov tuag. Bulgakov tuag rau Lub peb hlis ntuj 10, 1940, thiab raug muab faus nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub Novodevichy toj ntxas.

Daim ntawv teev cov hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov nrog cov hnub

dab neeg:

- "Sau nyob rau hauv ris":

• 1922 - "Lub txawv tshaj plaw Adventures ntawm Dr.", "Red Crown", "Hmo ntuj nyob rau peb tus xov tooj";
• 1923 - Suav keeb kwm "," Raid "," Sau nyob rau hauv ris ";
• 1924 - "La Boheme."

- "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug hluas kws kho mob":

• 1925 - "Baptism tig", "Iyiv tsaus ntuj";
• 1926 - "Phuam nrog ib tug qaib", "los daus loj", "Tsis qhov muag", "Starry ntse", raws li zoo raws li nyob ib sab mus rau lub voj voog ntawm zaj dab neeg, "kuv tua";
• 1927 - nyob ib sab mus rau lub voj voog ntawm cov dab neeg "morphine".

Mikhail Bulgakov sau txawv tej hauj lwm. Daim ntawv teev cov dab neeg los ntawm uas peb twb teev, ntxiv novels thiab plays.

novels:

• 1924 - "Lub Dawb khwb";
• 1962 - "Lub neej ntawm Mr de Moliere";
• 1965 - "Sau ntawv ntawm tus tuag";
• 1967 - "Lub Master thiab Margarita".

plays:

• 1925 - "Zoyka chav tsev";
• 1925 - "Npas-Nrig";
• 1926 - "Hnub ntawm turbines";
• 1930 - "Lub Cabal cov neeg siab phem";
• 1955 - "Alexander Pushkin";
• 1962 - "Khiav";
• 1965 - "Ivan";
• 1965 - "Crazy Jourdain";
• 1966 - "Bliss";
• 1977 - "Batum";
• 1986 - "Tsov rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb";
• 1986 - "tuag Souls".

Cov no yog cov ntsiab tsim yaam tshab uas tsim Bulgakov. Tej hauj lwm, ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg uas tau qhia rau koj yog tsis yog tas rau cov saum toj no. Ntawm no yog peb tsis tau muaj satires, cov khoom, tsab ntawv, thiab ib co lwm yam hauj lwm, kom tau ntsib nrog cov uas tseem yuav pab tau.

Films raws li nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Bulgakov, daim ntawv teev cov uas tau raug teev saum toj no, tsim ib tug ntau ntawm cov domestic thiab txawv teb chaws producers. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws zaj duab xis adaptation ntawm "Tus tswv thiab Margarita" - Alexander Petrovich, George Curry thiab Vladimir Bortko, tsim nyob rau hauv Russia.