Microbiology - qhov no yog ib co science? Medical microbiology

Nws nyob puag ncig tib neeg tej vaj tse, tej yam uas peb tsis muaj peev xwm saib. Thiab vim hais tias nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, muaj kuj yog ib tug microcosm, ncaj qha los yog kov raug rau tag nrho lub cheeb tsam, nws yog tsim nyog los kawm. Science, txoj kev thiab lub hom phiaj uas yog aimed ntawm txoj kev tshawb no uas muaj sia nyob, cov kev cai ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab lub neej, raws li zoo raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus sis nrog cov xwm thiab ncaj qha mus rau tus neeg, yog ib tug microbiology.

Tsim kom muaj microbiology

Raws li ib feem ntawm txheej txheem lub tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm uas hu ua "Microbiology" lectures muaj xws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam rau lub keeb kwm ntawm science. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob ua ke piav txog lub sij hawm uas pib nrog lub tshuab kuaj kab ntawm lub tsim muaj thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tus thawj kab mob. Ces tshiab kab mob maj qhib science, thiab lawv tseem ceeb yuav ntau to taub rau cov txiv neej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntxiv lawm sab pathogens uas ua rau tib neeg mob.

Ntawm 1880 thiab 1890, uas yog suav hais tias yog "golden hnub nyoog" ntawm Microbiology, cim lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus rau lub sij hawm ntawm discovery. Thiab qhov uas Roberta Koha (pictured hauv qab no), uas tsim txoj kev cais microbes los ntawm lub tsev, tsis tau kav liam. Tom qab peb tau tsim lwm txoj kev rau tebchaws microorganisms. Lawv lub zog thiab lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ecosystems li zoo raws li tib neeg ua si tau raug kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Cov pab zaum mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm science

Tus thawj tus paub txog uas tau sim mus npaj lub microcosm kab mob los ua Otto Friedrich Müller. Nws qhia tau 379 tus neeg hom ntawm microorganisms. Nws coj lawv rau tej chav kawm ntawv. Microbiology, kev ntxuav tu thiab Epidemiology twb tsis tau tau muab tso rau hauv kev xyaum, tab sis cov kab mob twb muaj ib lub tswv yim ntawm yuav ua li cas ib tug neeg muaj tus kab mob nyob rau hauv lub ncav cuag ntawm cov tib neeg qhov muag hauv lub ntiaj teb.

Paub lub ntiaj teb no thiab paub ntau ntxiv txog nws pab kev tshawb fawb Lui Pastera thiab Roberta Koha. Cov yav tas yuav tsim hauv paus ntsiab lus rau cais kab mob los ntawm cov qauv khoom noj los ntawm tib neeg cov neeg mob, thiab Pasteur (nrog Koch) tau xaus lus tias cov kab mob - qhov no yog qhov causative ua hauj lawm ntawm kis pathologies. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib lub sij hawm thaum feem coob tau mob ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau tag nrho morbidity, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau tau tseem ceeb heev.

Tom qab hais tias muaj ntau tshiab npe tshwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm science. Thiab tsim microbiology. Zaum tau ua no kuj zoo kawg tshaj plaws yog ib tug lossis loj pab mus rau yeeb koob rau lawv cov npe. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, soj ntsuam xws li M. V. Beyerink, S. N. Vinogradsky, Hans Christian kab, II Mechnikov, DI Ivanovsky, LS Tsenkovsky, E. A. Bering , Z. A. Waxman, A. Calmette, R. F. Peyton thiab lwm tus neeg. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev cov luminaries ntawm science, thiab txawm ntau li ntawd, peb yuav tsis tau nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm piav qhia txog tag nrho lawv tej hauj lwm zoo. Hoob no, hu ua "Microbiology" (lectures thiab kev cob qhia) tshuaj xyuas nyob rau hauv kom meej ntau ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

Tsim qhov chaw ntawm microbiology

Thaum lub tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tej science yog kev txhim kho cov kev tshawb fawb txoj kev, uas txhais tau hais tias yog possibilities ntawm ib tug xav paub ntau tshaj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej yam micro-kab thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm discoveries no yog ua los, cia ncaj qha los yog kov tau mus thov kev txawj ntse txog kab mob nyob rau hauv tej lag luam tswj. Vim li no, microbiology - yog tsis yog ib tug theoretical teb ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws yog ib tug science uas muaj ib co ceg:

• general microbiology;
• Kev kho mob (Mycology, bacteriology, virology, protozoology);
• kho tsiaj;
• muaj;
• Agriculture;
• Ceg ntoo Huv microbiology;
• dej microbiology.

Medical microbiology yog tag nrho kev kawm muaj mycology, bacteriology, protozoology, virology, Immunology thiab tsau tshuaj. Txoj kev uas paub txog pathogens kis kab mob thiab tshuaj siv los kho lawv, koom tiv thaiv kab mob yav tas los ua rau yus pandemics enormous lub neej no nqi.

Immunology ntawm lub complexity ntawm lub biochemical kev ntawm kev tiv thaiv yuav luag diverged los ntawm microbiology cais science. Niaj hnub no, nws yog tag nrho nrog rau mob cancer thiab ua xua. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lwm yam ceg ntawm microbiology yog tsis muaj tsis tseem ceeb: lawv tso cai rau peb mus kwv yees lub zeem muag ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm txhob kaw engineered microbes hais kev nyab xeeb kev loj hlob thiab ecological zej zog ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab lub teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb yog lub peev xwm daim ntawv thov prospect kab mob nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb rau tshwj kom txhob parasites, los yog ua rau kom tus qoob loo loo.

microbiology Objectives

Txhua cais ceg ntawm microbiology nws muaj nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj thiab txoj kev uas tso cai rau lawv mus cuag. Nyob rau hauv kev, kev kho mob microbiology aims mus tshawb lub siab tshaj plaws tau xov tooj ntawm pathogenic thiab conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, lawv sis raug zoo nrog cov tib neeg lub cev, raws li zoo raws li tau txoj kev rau counter tiv tauj nrog tus kab mob thiab kev kho mob.

Kev txhim kho cov microbial mob foci tshem tawm ntawm pathogenic microflora nyob rau hauv lub biosphere, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv prophylaxis Nkij los txuam rau kev kho mob microbiology hom kev kawm. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, vim ib tug tsis muaj nyiaj thiab vim hais tias ntawm tus tau kev pheej hmoo ntawm rhuav tshem ntawm lub dab nyob rau hauv ecosystems, tsis tau tsis muaj txoj kev mus kiag li tau tshem ntawm cov kab mob cov neeg ua hauj. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau tam sim no theem ntawm kev ntxuav tu thiab kev tu cev, microbiology thiab Immunology yuav txo tau cov naj npawb ntawm cov xws pathologies thiab lawv cov teeb meem.

Muaj microbiology aims mus tshawb lub thaj chaw ntawm microbes uas tej zaum yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau ntau lub theem ntawm ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv kev, feem ntau pheej chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog siv ntawm cov kab mob rau degradation uas muaj twj. Nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb microbiology lub hom phiaj yog lub peev xwm daim ntawv thov ntawm feeb kab mob rau kom qoob loo loo thiab tau tswj ntawm kab thiab nroj.

Veterinary Microbiology, raws li zoo raws li kev kho mob, kev kawm pathogens nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Txoj kev kom paub tias cov kab mob, lawv tus mob thiab kev kho mob ntawm peb tug me phooj ywg yog li yam li hais tias ntawm lub neeg. Dej microbiology tau kawm nyob tus yeees ntawm cov dej hiav txwv kab ntawd los systematize cov kev txawj ntse thiab peev xwm ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam los yog ua liaj ua teb.

Huv microbiology kawm zaub mov thiab qhia cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lawv. Nws lub hom phiaj yog kev txhim kho ntawm txoj kev mus xyuas cov batch ntawm siav khoom. Qhov thib ob qhov teeb meem - lub phaum mob ntawm kab mob thiab optimization ntawm nrhiav neeg nyob rau hauv ntau cov tsev kawm uas txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm phaum mob hu kab mob.

General microbiology

General microbiology - yog ib tug science, hom kev kawm uas tso cai rau peb mus kawm tej kab mob nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm yeej. Qhov no yog ib tug yooj yim kev lag luam uas muab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj, ua liaj ua teb, Veterinary thiab kev kho mob microbiology. Nws yog kawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov tsev neeg, muaj peev xwm ntawm kab mob loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm as xov xwm, cov qauv ntawm kev sib hais haum ntawm tej yam climatic ib ncig chaw.

Noob drift kuj yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab kev txaus siab ntawm bacteriologists, vim qhov no mechanism tso cai cov kab mob yuav kis tau tshiab lub peev xwm ua kom luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Ib qho ntawm feem undesirable yog tshuaj tua kab mob kuj. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab resistant mus rau ib tug kev anti-infectives kab mob los ntawm cov kab mob zoo heev complicates neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm kev kho mob microbiology.

Tab sis hais tias yog tsis yog txhua txhua. General microbiology - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kab mob, fungi, protozoa. Qhov no kuj yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv raws li uas muaj tej yam kev txaus siab cais thiab nyias muaj nyias ib ceg ntawm science: virology, mycology, protozoology Immunology. Tshiab ntaub ntawv los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kab mob los ntawm cov kab mob, fungi thiab cov kab mob, yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lwm yam ceg ntawm microbiology thiab muaj ib yam tseem ceeb.

bacteriology

Lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov kab mob yog pom tias yuav ua tau lub feem ntau heev heev rau tag nrho cov lwm tus neeg, uas yog kawm microbiology. Xai ntawm kev tshawb fawb kab mob vim hais tias nws yog ib lub narrowest. Cais ib tug kab mob ntawm tib hom kab yuav tsum tau ceev faj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws morphology thiab biochemical dab. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau enteric kab mob ferment cov zib thiab raws li nyob rau hauv no txog kev paub hais txog ib tug kev pab pawg neeg.

ntshiab kab mob kab lis kev cai - los ntawm ib co zej zog tus kab mob no ntxiv sab yuav tsum tseem ceeb. Tag nrho nws cov neeg yuav tsiag ntawv los ntawm tib lub caj ces cov ntaub ntawv uas, tib yam li hais tias ntawm lub lwm tus neeg hauv tib hom kab. Thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, tag nrho cov ntawm cov kab mob yuav coj tib txoj kev raws li ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv no ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov tib kab lis kev cai mutates thiab adapts dawb do, vim hais tias cov neeg uas, ib tug tshiab lim. Nws tej zaum yuav txawv ua txawv cov ntawm enzymes thiab virulence yam. Thiab yog li ntawd nws muaj peev xwm ua rau tus kab mob yuav sib txawv.

virology

Ntawm tag nrho muaj sia nyob, kab mob yog cov feem ntau atypical. Lawv yog cov puas, yog tsis muaj peev xwm metabolize, thiab rau yug me nyuam rau xaiv cov tactics ntawm cab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hais tias nws tseem yog lub feem ntau amazing ntawm tag nrho cov pathogens tias kawm Microbiology (Virology). Immunology yog tseem koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov kab mob, vim hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm kom mluas lub cev thiab ua rau mob cancer.

Kab mob yog yooj yim heev kab mob nrog ib tug tsis tau yuav tsum tau tag nrho kawm mechanism ntawm hauj lwm. Lawv yuav tsis metabolize as-ham, tab sis nyob twj ywm ciaj sia. Tsis muaj cov lug lub luag hauj lwm rau tseem ceeb heev functions, lawv tseem nyob ua ib ke. Ntxiv mus, tus kab mob no yuav ua tau tam sim no raws li kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom uas muaj cov mechanisms ntawm nws cov kev taw qhia rau hauv lub hlwb nyob qhov twg tu tub tu kiv yuav tsum nqa tawm.

Nws yog pom tseeb tias lub mechanism ntawm cov kev taw qhia thiab yug me nyuam "tsim" nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev raws li kom tsis txhob tag nrho cov conceivable tiv thaiv cell teeb meem. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus kab mob HIV kab mob no, uas, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub zog tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev, yooj yim kis tib neeg thiab ua rau immunodeficiency. Yog li ntawd, microbiology thiab Immunology yuav tsum koom tes ua ke nrog qhov teeb meem, nrhiav kev los daws kom tau nws. Thiab txij li thaum tus kab mob no vim change astonishing ceev yuav paub ntau ntxiv, lub mechanisms rau tshwj kom txhob no pathogens yuav tsum tau tsim kom sai li sai tau.

mycology

Mycology - ib ceg ntawm kev microbiology, uas kawm cov molds. Cov kab mob no yuav ua rau tus kab mob nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej thiab cov tsiaj, raws li zoo raws li raug mob rau cov qoob loo. Pwm lwj zaub mov, thiab vim lub fact tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua noob, zoo rhuav tshem tsis tau. Txawm li cas los, raws li ntev raws li lawv muaj ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm virulence yam thiab muab heev maj mam, lawv pab rau tag nrho cov tshwm sim yog tsawg.

Yog ho nphav kiag yog cov feem ntau adaptable kab mob nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau huab tej yam kev mob rau daim av. Lawv tsis tshua inhabited underwater tab sis vam nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm hauj sim mus rau pwm. Thiab, notably, fungi loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub hulls ntawm spacecraft orbiting lub ntiaj teb thiab nyob rau hauv lub enclosure puas Chernobyl nuclear reactor. Muab cov loj loj kuj yam rau tshwj kom txhob no kab mob, khoom noj khoom haus microbiology thiab tsau tshuaj yuav tsum tau tsim ntau nquag. Qhov no yuav tsum pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm mycology thiab lwm yam ceg ntawm lub tuam microbiology.

protozoology

Microbiology kev tshawb fawb thiab protozoa. Qhov no unicellular kab mob uas yog txawv los ntawm cov kab mob loj loj thiab cov xub ntiag ntawm lub cell nucleus. Vim hais tias ntawm nws txaus, lawv yog cov zoo dua suited rau chaw ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, es tsis dynamically hloov. Txawm li cas los, lawv muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj mob tus kab mob, yam tsawg kawg tus so.

Raws li statistics muab los ntawm lub LEEJ TWG, hais txog ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm txhua tus neeg mob muaj mob lees paub rau kis tau malaria. Thaum nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tiv kiag li, vim hais tias muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm Plasmodium. Li no, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm koj kawm ntxiv txog protists nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab nyob rau hauv particular plasmodium loj heev.

Immunology

Cov kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm Microbiology ntawm lub USSR ua ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tib neeg tiv thaiv kab mob. Uas nyob rau hauv lawv tsis yog yooj yim kom muab cov kev kho mob, txawm li cas los, rau qhov mob lawv yog tam sim no indispensable. Peb tham txog ib tug series ntawm serological mob ntawm kis kab mob. Nws microbiology soj ntsuam cov tshuaj vim mus rau nyob rau hauv lub arsenal ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb diagnostic.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tag nrho cov Department of Epidemiology thiab Microbiology, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los sis lwm muaj feem xyuam rau lub tswvyim ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Thiab ob disciplines yog lug siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv txoj kev loj hlob kuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm scientific ntaub ntawv immunologists thiab microbiologists. Lawv sawv cev rau qhov zoo tshaj tiv thaiv txhais tau tias kom tsis txhob (thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub txawm tshem tawm) yuav ntawm tus kab mob los kev sib cuag nrog pathogenic kab los yog kab mob pathogens. Tam sim no nws yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kab mob HIV thiab cov kab mob uas ua cov tsos mob cancer hlav.

vib this microbiology

Yuav kom kawm tej yam microorganism - ib tug txhais tau tias los mus txiav txim nta ntawm nws morphology, ntsuam xyuas cov kev tiav ntawm biochemical kev tig cev nyob rau hauv uas nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm ntws, nco nws cov RNA ntaus nqi mus rau ib tug kev realm lub npe thiab lim. Tej nyiaj ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub qhib ntawm ib tug tshiab kab lis kev cai. Yog hais tias ib tug microbe yog twb paub (txiav txim los ntawm lub peculiarities ntawm lub fermentation substrates, kab lis kev cai xov xwm los yog cell phab ntsa), ces koj xav kom coj nws mus rau ib tug kev lim. Ib yam ntawm cov kev pab raws qib yuav tsum tau kev txoj kev thiab tej khoom.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho mob microbiology nws muaj nws hauj lwm: yuav nrhiav tau lub causative tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm tus kab mob nyob rau hauv lom kua thiab ntaub so ntswg, uas yog cov lub hom phaj ntawm virulent kab mob, ntes tus xub ntiag ntawm lub pathogen ntawm serological npiv zas, txiav txim ib tug neeg nyhav rau tej yam kab mob. Cov kev pab raws qib yog microbiological, me me, lom, serological thiab tsis haum txoj kev.

Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv hu ua "Microbiology" Vorobev A. V. qhia hais tias microscopy yog siv, tab sis tsis yog tus thawj txoj kev rau kev kawm cov microbe. Nws yog ib lub teeb, electron, theem zoo, tsaus ntuj nti-teb thiab fluorescence. Tus sau tseem ntsiab lus tawm hais tias raws li lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txoj kev microbiological kab lis kev cai yog suav tias yog, uas loj hlob ib tug colony ntawm microbes nyob rau hauv lom kua thiab cov neeg mob.

Cov kab lis kev cai txoj kev tej zaum yuav virological thiab bacteriological. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, cov kev tshawb fawb uas yuav tsum tau cov ntshav, zis, qaub ncaug, hnoos qeev, hlwb txha nqaj qaum kua. Los ntawm lawv yog cov lub cev thiab tseb nws nyob rau hauv ib tug as nruab nrab. Qhov no yog tsim nyog rau qhov mob, vim hais tias cov concentration ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lub lom khoom yog heev me me, thiab lub kab lis kev cai txoj kev tso cai rau lub nce ntawm pathogens.

Cov phau ntawv rau cov kawm "Microbiology" Vorobev A. V. li al piav txoj kev rau kev kawm lom microbes. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv qhov qee ntawm kev toxins xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob hom, los yog tsuas yog ib tug lim. Cov kev tsis haum txoj kev uas txuam nrog tej khoom vaj tse kab mob toxins ua sensitization (los yog sensitization) nyob rau hauv lub microorganism thaum lub sij hawm kab mob. Raws li ib qho piv txwv tej zaum yuav tau hais Mantoux xeem. Serological txoj kev, nyob rau hauv lem, yog reacted muaj tej antibodies thiab antigens ntawm cov kab mob. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom sai thiab meej lawm txiav txim seb lub xub ntiag ntawm microbes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg los yog kua cov ntaub ntawv uas coj los ntawm tus neeg mob.

Lub loj heev kev vam meej ntawm kev kho mob microbiology

Microbiology - yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau txoj kev xyaum ntawm cov tshuaj science, uas thaum lub sij hawm nws luv luv hav zoov tau txais kev cawmdim countless lub neej. Lub prime piv txwv yog lub foundations ntawm cov kab mob lub luag hauj lwm rau kis kab mob. Qhov no pub peb txais tau cov thawj cov tshuaj tua kab. Tsaug rau nws los ntawm lub qhov txhab kab mob muaj peev xwm cawm tau ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog.

Tom qab, cov kev siv ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob muaj tau txhab, thiab niaj hnub no nws tso cai rau kom nqa tawm txoj hauj lwm. Muab hais tias muaj ntau tus kab mob yuav kho tsis zoo tsis muaj kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob, lawv muaj tsuas puv tag nrho cov tshuaj thiab ua rau nws ua tau rau txuag tau ntau lub neej. Qhov no tau yog rau ib tug par nrog lub Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv thiab tau txais kev cawmdim ntau cov neeg mob los ntawm cov neeg muaj mob polio tus kab mob no, kab mob siab B thiab smallpox. Thiab tam sim no tsim immunological txoj kev soj ntsuam nrog cancer.