Lus cai

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov lus cai - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb feature ntawm cov zajlus lus, raws li cov kab lis kev cai ntawm kev hais lus ntawm tus txiv neej yog manifested, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog tseeb. Nws npog ntau tshaj ib sab ntawm tus nplaig, thiab siv rau kiag li tag nrho cov tsim nyog rau kev sau ntawv, thiab rau qhov ncauj.

Lus kev cai - cov no yog cov kev cai, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus uas muaj kev siv ntawm ntau yam txhais tau tias cov lus ntawm ib tug tej theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Nws tseem yog ib qho, zoo siv ntawm cov nqe lus, kab lus thiab cov lus nyob rau hauv kev hais lus.

Muaj cov lus nram qab no kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus :

-slovoobrazovatelnye (kev kawm cov qauv ntawm cov lus tshiab);

- pronouncing (los yog hais cov kev cai);

- morphology;

-orfograficheskie;

-leksicheskie;

-sintaksicheskie;

-punktuatsionnye;

-intonatsionnye.

Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob hom ntawm kev hais lus, thiab ib co tsuas yog rau qhov ncauj los yog xwb nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv.

Kwm kev cai - ib tug tshwm sim dabneeg tsim. Ib txhia ntawm lawv nyob ntev dhau los thiab tseem unchanged kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, thiab lwm tus neeg - tau xwb. Ib txhia txawm tsoo. Piv txwv li, lub German lo lus "thov kev pab" yog muab los ntawm lub medieval Latin lo lus "ib tug uas yog yuav mus," thiab niaj hnub no nws yog ib tug uas, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, xav mus rau txoj kev tshawb no. Hais tias yog, thaum lub sij hawm, hloov tus nqi ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov lus.

Pronouncing lus cai dhau lawm yog tsis ruaj khov. Piv txwv li, ib tug nyiaj txais lo lus "tsis muaj nyiaj" twb sau ua ntej lub 18th xyoo pua raws li "bankrut". Kom txog rau thaum lub caij puv 19 xyoo pua, nws twb siv ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv, thiab ces yeej thiab tau los ua tus cai yog tseem muaj ib tug tshiab daim ntawv ntawm nws siv.

Nws tau undergone ib tug kev hloov thiab combining pronunciations -chn-. Txij li thaum dictionaries 1935-1940-ies yog lwm yam kev cai tshaj cov neeg uas nyob ua ib ke hnub no. Piv txwv li, cov lus "ib tug khoom ua si, khoom noj txom ncauj" ua ke -chn- cov lus hais raws li -shn- tias tam sim no yog lig tsis tsim nyog. Ib txhia lus tau khaws cia ib tug muab ob npaug rau kev xaiv: bakery, tuag theej.

Thiab morphological kev hloov lus kev cai. Qhov no yog kom meej meej pom nyob rau cov piv txwv ntawm lub xaus ntawm npe txiv neej ntau tshaj thiab nominative. Tus taw tes yog hais tias ib co muaj qhov xaus -s thiab lwm leej lwm tus xaus piv. Qhov no yog vim lub hav zoov ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th nyob rau hauv lub ancient lus ntawm lub dual daim ntawv no, uas yog siv thaum nws yog tsim nyog los taw tes tawm ob yam. Yog li ua peb variants txoj: zero rau npe nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj, qhov xaus piv rau qhia seb thaum xaus ntawm lub ob yam khoom thiab s yuav qhia tau rau tus xov tooj ntawm cov khoom ntau dua li ob tug. Ua ntej, qhov xaus piv fwm cov lus ntawd txhais li cas paired khoom: lub qhov muag, sab, thiab lwm yam Maj mam, nws yog yuav luag kawg ntawm lub s ousted nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus.

Thiab ntawm no nyob rau hauv lub animate plural npe xaus feem ntau fwm s suav nyiaj, cov neeg tsav tsheb, engineers, lecturers, inspectors thiab inspectors, tab sis cov xibfwb.

Tej zaum koj yuav tsum tseem coj mus rau hauv tus account lub lexical ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus "tus xib fwb" ntsiab lus "tus xib fwb" yog nyob rau hauv lub nominative ntau tshaj ib tus xaus - i, thiab tus nqi ntawm "lub taub hau ce" - lub kawg ntawm s; lo lus "daim ntawv teev" (daim ntawv) xaus nrog s, thiab "nplooj" (ntoo) - qhov xaus -N.

Multivariance qauv qha zoo kawg richness ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws tsim tej yam teeb meem, vim nws yog tsim nyog los xaiv los ntawm hais tias ntawm qhov tseeb version. Puas tu yog koj yuav ua li cas qhov no tsuas yog hais tias peb paub tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua kev xaiv thiab nws cov syntax coloring. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshawb fawb mus rau hauv txoj kev siv cov kev hais lus (hais lus thiab sau ntawv) sib txawv kev xaiv linguist tsim tshwj xeeb dictionaries thiab glossaries, uas yog tsau lus cai ntawm ib tug niaj hnub txawj hais lus.