Lub thaj chaw ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog. Hauj lwm ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog

Lub keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws yog fraught nrog ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav thiab tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm, cov npe ntawm cov tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqis thiab cov npe ntawm cov neeg lub zos thiab cheeb tsam nyob qhov twg lawv ua hauj lwm thiab ua neej nyob. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient tseem ceeb heev yog lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog, uas yog kev cob cog rua ib tug heev ob peb tseem ceeb npe thiab cov txheej xwm.

Tu siab, nws keeb kwm, qhov chaw thiab cov neeg hais tias ib tug ntau tsawg. Niaj hnub no peb yuav sib tham txog yuav ua li cas lub thaj chaw ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog, thiab nws lwm yam ntxwv.

cov ntaub ntawv

Yav tas los, nws raug hu los ua cov Rostov-Suzdal thaj av, thiab tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus dej ntws Oka thiab Volga. Lub teb yeej ib txwm txawv marvellously fertile xau. Nws tsis yog li ntawd los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XII no muaj yog ib tug loj thiab zoo-tsim seigniorial system ntawm daim av tenure. Vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw muaj ntau yam forests, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev fertile av nyob nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Lawv tau txais lub npe Opole (lub sij hawm yog muab los ntawm lo lus "teb"). Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Principality yog lub nroog ntawm Yuriev-Polsky (nws twb cia li tswm nyob rau hauv Opole cheeb tsam). Yuav ua li cas yog cov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog?

Yog hais tias koj piv no qhov chaw nrog rau cov Dnieper cheeb tsam, kev nyab xeeb no yog heev loj. Loo twb kuj loj (rau lub sij hawm), tab sis tus nuv ntses, yos hav zoov thiab beekeeping, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov seem, muab ib tug zoo "tag". Lub peculiar thaj chaw ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog thiab nws es mob hnyav coj mus rau lub fact tias cov Slavs tuaj ntawm no tom qab, kev nyuaj siab nrog cov hauv paus txawm Finno-Ugric pejxeem.

Ze ntawm chaw zov me nyuam ntawm kev vam meej ntawm cov sij hawm kuj coj mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias Vladimir-Suzdal lub coos tsis kam ua lub forcible imposition ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Kiev.

thaj txoj hauj lwm

Cov neeg no attracted los ntawm lub cim thaj txoj hauj lwm: lub teb chaws twb muaj kev tiv thaiv los nres los ntawm tag nrho cov sab sib sib zog nqus dej, loj heev cheeb tsam swamps thiab impenetrable forests. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias thaj chaw ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog yog zoo nyob rau hauv uas nws yav qab teb ciam teb rau lwm raug them los ntawm lwm cov Slavic principalities, uas tiv thaiv lub inhabitants ntawm cov pawg neeg thaj av ntawm lub invasions ntawm lub nomads.

Cov kev vam meej ntawm lub nqi zog twb tseem raws li ib tug lossis loj npaum li ntawm tus khiav nkaum cov neeg uas mus rau lub zos hav zoov los ntawm tag nrho cov tib raids thiab exorbitant levies None henchmen.

Main yam ntxwv Vladimir-Suzdal

Qhov ntawd yog txawv dua li cov Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. COV zoo piav txog ntawm nws lub ntsiab sib nrauj.

Hais txog txiaj ntsim luam

Cov pawg neeg thaj av ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog nteg lub Volga pauv lawv, uas txuas nrog cov pawg neeg thaj av nrog rau sab hnub tuaj. Trade tau tsis tshua muaj neeg pab no. Tsis ceeb, nyob rau hauv cov pawg neeg thaj av tuaj sai sai txaus muaj zog thiab cov nplua nuj nom tswv cajceg, uas yog tsis ib yam nkaus thiab ntse rau Kyiv, thiab yog li ntawd pom ib tug mus tas chaw ua hauj lwm thiab nrhiav kev ywj pheej. Yog li, lub heev thaj chaw ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal Principality pab mus rau creation ntawm kav ntev nplua nuj "lub xeev nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev."

Pab lawv nyob rau hauv tus caum qab ntawm no qhov tseeb hais tias tus tub huabtais yuav tsum tig mus rau lub zos ntug ntawm lawv cov xim es lig, vim hais tias cov qhov chaw nyob rau lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv nyob deb pawg neeg thaj av tau npaj heev dua lwm yam rau cov yau cov tub uas tau ntshaw kom tshem tawm cov los ntawm Kiev. Tsuas yog thaum Monomakh tuaj rau lub hwj chim, lub dag lub zog thiab greatness ntawm lub xeev pib loj hlob sai heev. Uas yog vim li cas lub roj ntsha fiefdom Monomakh los ua lub npe ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal, ib daim ntawv qhia uas nrhiav tshiab pawg neeg thaj av sai sai.

Ntawm lub zos av-zos thiab xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv Vladimir Monomakh tsim muaj zog ties ntawm no ua ntej lawm tshaj nyob rau hauv lwm thaj av, accustomed mus rau kev xav ntawm cov tub thiab xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Monomakh yuav ua li cas lawv princes. Lub influx ntawm lub cuab yeej cuab tam los ntawm qhov khaus economic kev ua si, kev loj hlob thiab lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab lub zos txiav txim nyiaj txiag thiab kev nom kev tswv sawv ntawm thaj av ntawd. Nyob rau hauv lub hais tsis sib haum lub hwj chim ntawm lub Rostov-Suzdal princes muaj loj pab.

Opole

Agriculture nyob rau hauv cov hnub yuav tsum tau ntawm zoo kawg li rau siab. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Vladimir-Suzdal av tsis muab tej yam guarantees, txawm nws. Nyob rau hauv ib feem kaum rau hauv lub XII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau pom muaj tej yam kev tswj kom sau tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 800 kg. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws cia li zoo, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, tus yam ntxwv uas yog muab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm ceev ceev los ua neeg nplua nuj.

Tab sis lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm lub zos peasants yog tshwj xeeb yog nyob ntawm seb cov nyuj. Lawv bred yuav luag tag nrho cov breeds ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg: nyuj, nees, tshis thiab yaj. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov hlau scythes, uas tau siv rau hay. Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb yog yug me nyuam ntawm nees, uas yog massively siv nyob rau hauv cov tub rog xyaum.

"Lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb"

Kwv yees li nyob rau hauv lub XII xyoo pua, nws sawv raws li horticulture. Nws lub ntsiab riam phom nyob rau hauv cov xyoo muaj ib tug hlau fittings ntawm tus hniav ( "snout"). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv Suzdal. Lub Cathedral ntawm cov Nativity ntawm lub nroog muaj rau cov duab ntawm Adas. rau hauv daim duab npe duab piav hais tias "Adas khawb stigma." Yog li, tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog yog inextricably txuas nrog rau qhov kev txhim kho ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm nws cov inhabitants.

Kwv yees li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua pib tsim intensive teb. Kuj ceeb tias, nws yog ces tsuas muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov pej xeem. Qhov no yog dua paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm heev heev archaeological excavations, thaum lub sij hawm uas ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm remnants ntawm cov qub kua orchards tau pom. Kev lig kev cai kuj hais tias txij li thaum lub XII xyoo pua nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Principality pib nteg ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov lws suav orchards. Contemporaries sau hais tias lub nroog ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog yog tus "pearl ntawm Russia."

Nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub ntau cov lag luam tawm pib los tsim ua liaj ua teb thiab horticulture, cov pejxeem txuas ntxiv mus koom koom nyob rau hauv apiculture, yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses. Lub excavations pom ib tug lossis loj npaum li ntawm nets, hooks, floats thiab seem ntawm ntses ntes tau. Yuav ua li cas lwm tus conceals lub Vladimir-Suzdal Principality? Yam ntxwv nws yuav ua tau heev ua tsis tiav yog hais tias peb tsis tham txog qhov crafts, uas occupies nws cov inhabitants.

crafts

Tsis muaj artisans tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam lub neej ntawm ib nqi zog nyob rau hauv cov xyoo. Interestingly, nyob rau hauv cov centuries masters specialization differed tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tiav lawm cov khoom, ntau dua li cov ntaub ntawv uas. Yog li ntawd, sedelschik muaj ib qho zoo heev paub ntawm tsis tsuas yog rau txoj kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tab sis kuj rau ntau yam kev kawm ntawm co nyiaj npib uas nws adorned nws cov khoom, uas ua rau nws tej zaum ntau txaus nyiam rau tej tub lag luam. Txij li thaum craftsmen tswm heev dua lwm yam los ntawm "yam" hauv paus ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm sai tawm artisans tag nrho kev sib hais haum.

Ib txhia tsev yog txawm tshwj xeeb cua sov rau smelting neeg ua hauj lwm tau pom, uas tau ntsia sab los ntawm sab nrog cov neeg nyob rau hauv uas cov zaub mov yog npaj. Ib txhia artisans ua hauj lwm tsuas yog nyob rau kev thov. Lwm, deb ntau heev heev cov qeb ntawm masters, manufactures cov khoom rau cov loj li ntawm lawv cov nroog ciaj uas muag thiab tib neeg muag khoom rau itinerant tub txawj tub ntse, uas yog cov heev fond ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Luv luv tham txog lwm chav kawm ntawv, uas tau faib cov neeg nyob hauv zos.

Txij li thaum lub XII xyoo pua, nws tsim sai heev tag nrho cov tib crafts uas nrov thoob plaws hauv lub so ntawm lub Kievan Rus. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm uas lub sij hawm, nws hais ntxiv hais tias lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub zos sai sai los ua txua ntoo. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub excavations yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej rau ua hauj lwm nrog ntoo. Tsis muaj tsawg ancient khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw yog tais diav ntim chaws.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv lub Principality

Pov thawj ntawm active kev loj hlob ntawm cov kos duab ntawm tais diav ntim chaws yog kev tsim kho ntawm lub Assumption Cathedral nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XII caug xyoo. Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm ib tug me me dej Kamenka pom qhov seem ntawm peb loj loj kilns, txhua tus uas yuav tsum downloaded nyob rau ntawm tsib txhiab bricks ntawm ib lub sij hawm. Nws yog assumed tias nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm, lub zos craftsmen mastered rau lub zus tau tej cov kua thiab vuas. Lawv qhov ntev mus txog 19x19 cm, uas nyob rau hauv cov hnub yog ib tug tiag tiag hauj txhob. Kom cov vuas zoo nkauj tshaj, artisans siv ib daim ntawv loj loj ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm enamels thiab glazes.

Nrog xws li ib tug dav thiab nplua nuj ntau yam ntawm cov khoom kev loj hlob ntawm lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog mus rau los ntawm leaps thiab ciam teb, raws li cov nyiaj ntws ib sab kwj nyob rau hauv nws coffers.

Art pob zeb ua

Fasteners khoom siv tes ua pib tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XII caug xyoo, lub tswv heev sai sai tiav zoo kawg li heights nyob rau hauv lawv ua lag ua luam. Nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm cov Principality muaj ntau ntau craftsmen, stonecutters. Tsis coincidence hais tias muaj ntau ntawm Suzdal boyars ntawm Vladimir contemptuously hu ua "qhev thiab masons." Nyob rau hauv lub lig 40-ies nyob rau hauv Suzdal muaj yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib guild ntawm masons. Nws yog nws tus tswv coj ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Pereslavl-Zaleski, Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv kuj ua tau ib lub teb chaws qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv Kideksha.

Kev loj hlob ntawm blacksmithing

Kws ntaus hlau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov chaw no tau kuj tau txais heev ntau thiab nws yog heev tshaj. Yog hais tias, dua, rov qab mus rau lub npe ntawm cov excavation, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm discovering ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm kws ntaus hlau cov cuab yeej. Nyob ze ze ntawm lub zos ntawm Vyazniki nyob rau hauv private tsev ntau kuaj ntawm los ore pom hais tias qhia ib thoob plaws kis tau ntawm no kos duab ntawm cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv lub Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, lawv twb zoo heev craftsmen.

Lub qhov kawg nkaus ntawm lub zos kws ntaus hlau txawj ua zoo crosses ntawm lub Assumption thiab Dmitrievsky cathedrals, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rau cov duab ntawm ib tug nquab weathervane, nrog rau cov finest kev txawj ua los ntawm tooj liab. Tab sis Christmas thiab lub Assumption Cathedral ntawm Vladimir nws zoo kawg li tooj liab plag tsev yooj yim negate tag nrho.

Weaponsmithing

Tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub zos blacksmiths sawv qeb gunsmiths. Lawv ua Sholom Yaroslav Vsevolodovich thiab battleaxe Andreya Bogolyubskogo, uas yuav tsum tau raug xam tias yog tsis tsuas nrws ntawm lub kws ntaus hlau, tab sis kuj hniav nyiaj hniav kub craftsmanship. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo hauv zos mail.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, archaeologists pom impressed thaum lawv tsaws hneev, los ntawm uas txawm dim xya sub. Qhov ntev ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yog hais txog 170 centimeters, thiab tam sim ntawd tiv kev txom nyem 2.5 kg. Feem ntau cov yuav, lawv ancient chroniclers hu ua "shereshirami". Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog prized craftsmen uas twb koom nyob rau hauv raug cov laug cam.

Archeologists pom Suzdal thiab Vladimir kws ntaus hlau muaj peev xwm yuav tsim tsawg kawg yog ib puas thiab tsib caug nrws ntawm steel khoom, muaj nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntau tshaj 16 txawv specialties.

Tom hlab thiab ua hauj lwm nrog fabrics

Muaj coob leej ntau tus thoob plaws weaving, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom spinning. Thaum lub sij hawm lub excavations nws twb pom tsis tau tsuas yog muaj ntau yam cuab yeej no crafts, tab sis kuj remnants ntawm fabrics. Nws muab tawm hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab masters nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw paub txog li tsib caug xaws hom kev kawm, nrog rau cov feem ntau sophisticated. Cov ntaub ntawv yog cov feem ntau ntau haiv neeg: tawv tsiaj, plaub, txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab paj rwb. Nyob rau fabrics nyob rau hauv ntau fwm zoo kawg li embroidered nrog nyiaj thread.

Txij li thaum lub Principality tau ntev tau tsim tsiaj husbandry, thiab cov tanners nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw zoo txaus. Suzdal masters ua nto moo nyob deb tshaj tus ciam teb ntawm lawv lub teb chaws ntawm exceptional zoo yuft thiab morocco khau looj plab hlaub. Nyob rau hauv kev them nyiaj yug no zoo-paub nyob rau hauv lawv cov voj voog xibfwb NN Voronin pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations nyob rau hauv ib co backyards ib tug ntau ntawm "tuag xaus." Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws hu ua daim ntawm nyuj tav, siv rau Machining tawv.

Kev kho mob ntawm pob txha

Nws twb paub City thiab kev txawj pob txha carvers. Zoo txhua txhua trench excavation kom tau raws li heev heev pob txha nyees khawm, zuag ntsis plaub hau thiab lwm yam tsev neeg accessories. Kwv yees li kuj ntau tau txais thiab hniav nyiaj hniav kub craftsmanship nyob rau hauv lub tib lub sij hawm. Raws li Vladimir thiab Suzdal heev heev pwm coppersmiths tau pom. Jewelers tib yam li nws muab tawm, nws ua hauj lwm siv ntau tshaj 60 hom cov ntaub ntawv rau txawv hom phiaj. Tshwj xeeb hwm nyob rau hauv haiv neeg enjoyed cov masters uas tau ua hauj lwm nrog cov khoom ntawm kub.

Lawv pom ib tug hlua tes, thiab tag nrho cov hom ntawm necklaces, pendants thiab cov nyees khawm uas tau raug masterfully dai kom zoo nkauj nrog enamels nrog heev lawm voj voog. Tag nrho cov ntawm Vladimir masters los ntawm ib tug kab ntawm cov nyiaj tswj kom rub lub kilometer finest xov!

economic kev loj hlob

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus twb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog? Raws li peb twb hais tias, tus ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag tau zoo txuas nrog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws luam kev uas khiav los ntawm nws cov chaw uas zoo heev. Archaeologists muaj ob peb warehouses Oriental npib twb pom (dirhems), uas kom meej meej paub tseeb hais tias cov nyob ze luam kev sib raug zoo ntawm Vladimir thiab Suzdal nrog nyob deb lub teb chaws. Tab sis kuj domestic luam flourished: nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog noticeable nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Novgorod, uas lub zos tub txawj tub ntse koom nyob rau hauv lub grain luam.

Tsis muaj tsawg mob siab heev yog cov lag luam tawm nrog Byzantium, raws li zoo raws li ntau European lub teb chaws. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais dej shipping txoj kev. Txawm li cas los, lub zos princes yeej ib txwm nruj me ntsis blyuli kev txiav txim thiab overland luam paths, raws li cov discord nyob rau hauv lub sib raug zoo nrog cov tub txawj tub ntse yuav muaj ib tug tsis zoo feem nyob rau welfare ntawm lub teb chaws.

Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog.