Trinity Cathedral ntawm Alexander Nevsky Lavra: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb

Mus rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm qhov chaw ntawm St. Petersburg, nyob ze ntawm lub ntug dej ntawm lub Neva yog ib tug dome majestic Holy Trinity Cathedral, ib tug architectural chaw thiab lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Nws noble ntaem ntawm paub thiab nyob ze rau txhua leej txhua tus Petersburgers. Lawv tau ua ib txwm ntawm lub nroog, xws li ib lub nkoj nyob rau hauv lub kub tse ntawm cov Admiralty thiab "tsa Russia rau lub phaws muaslwj," Lub Bronze Horseman.

Monastery, yug hais kom ua ntawm Petra Velikogo

Keeb kwm ntaub ntawv qhia tias nyob rau hauv 1710, tau nyob rau ntawm qhov txuas ntawm lub Neva dej nyob rau hauv Dub nciab dej - raws li nyob rau hauv lub qub hnub twb hu ua tam sim no dej Monastyrka - huab tais Peter kuv kom los tsim kom tau ib tug monastery nplooj siab mus rau St. Alexander Nevsky. Nws xav tsis momentary whim. Cov no yog cov xyoo ntawm tsov rog nrog rau Sweden, thiab kev pab patron neeg dawb huv, qhov ntau kev uas yuav tsum tau tsoo lub Swedes, twb yuav tsum tau. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm qhov chaw rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub monastery yog qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho nyob rau hauv cov hnub lub yuam kev txoj kev ntseeg hais tias nws yog nyob rau ntawm no point, None Alexander yeej nws yeej.

Nrog nws "tis ua neeg khav theeb tus neeg nyob ze" ib tug zoo lub nroog, King Peter muab nws lub tsev nyob rau ib lub grand scale. ib tug master plan tau tsim, nyob rau hauv uas lub nroog txoj kev ncav us txog tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj geometric kev txiav txim. Rau qhov kev siv ntawm tsoom fwv tsev, lub tuam tsev thiab palaces ntawm lub nobles caw qhov zoo tshaj plaws txawv teb chaws architects. Labor txhiab tus serfs, evicted ntawm tag nrho cov tshaj Russia, los ntawm Finnish swamps swamps sawv Venice ntawm sab qaum teb.

Nyob rau hauv lub midst ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, thaum tsa bastions ntawm lub fortress thiab ib tug tshiab khiv ua Admiralty shipyard down thawj ships ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet nyob rau hauv dej, huab tais tau mus kawm lub tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig chaw. Nws xav tias kheev lam lub tsar Peter rau kev ncaj ncees monks deb ntawm lub nroog suab nrov tas li thov Vajtswv xa cia Vajtswv yuav foom koob hmoov rau tag nrho nws endeavors. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, raws li hais saum toj no, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub midst ntawm ib tug tsov rog tawm tsam cov Swedes, thiab lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg dawb huv, ib zaug yeej lawv, yog yuav txhawb hnub no lub warriors.

Npaj rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub monastery

Tus tshiab monastery huab tais tus kheej faib ib hefty daim av ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Neva, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau nws tau ntaus nqi rau tus loj teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub Olonets cheeb tsam. Ua hauj lwm rau peb tes num ntawm lub architectural complex twb nqa tawm ob xyoos tom qab los ntawm lub Italian kes duab vajtse ntawm Swiss keeb kwm Domenico Trezzini.

Project D.Trezini

Nws yog Ameslikas npaj hais tias cov complex ntawm monastic vaj tse, symmetrically kis tawm tshaj rau tag nrho cov qhov chaw allotted mus rau nws nyob rau tus ntug dej ntawm lub Neva, yuav tsum muaj lwm defensive lub tsev nyob rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub capital ntawm cov hluas, li ntawd nws tau ua nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm lub fortification.

Connect Monastery nrog St. Petersburg npaj leem txoj kev los ntawm cov hav zoov thicket, npe hu ua nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj raws li "Neva pershpektiva" - lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub nroog lub ntsiab thoroughfare Nevsky Prospekt.

Architectural qhov chaw tab tom ua monastery twb yuav tsum tau ib lub tuam tsev, ib qhov chaw rau cov uas nws twb tau teev nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj los ntawm Trezzini, thiab los ntawm cov uas nws yuav tsum tau pib meem Nevsky Prospekt. Tsim ib qhov project muab rau lub tuam tsev tsis ntev los no tuaj txog ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, tus tub hluas tab sis twb yeej tus naas ej vajtse T. Schwertfeger, ib tug ardent supporter ntawm lub ces fashionable German Baroque style.

Zoo hmoov tom ntej no lub sij hawm

Qhov no ua ntej, tsis extant Trinity Cathedral ntawm Alexander Nevsky Lavra yog ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog qauv, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ob tug tswb yees nrog kub tse nyob rau saum. Nyob rau hauv 1719 pib lub complex npaj ua hauj lwm. Lub tsev, uas ntawd kub ntev li rau kaum ib xyoos, tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1733, tab sis nws sai sai no los ua tseeb tias loj yuam kev tau ua nyob rau hauv nws cov kev npaj.

Nyob rau hauv kev, nws tau tsis txaus siv tam nrog rau hauv pem uas tsa lub hauv paus. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ib tug txawv kev sib hais haum ntawm ib tug neeg qhov chaw hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, uas yog qhov ua rau ntawm cov kab nrib pleb nyob rau hauv nws cov vaults. Tsim nyob rau hauv 1744, lub Commission tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias qhov tiag txaus ntshai ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub tsev thiab cov impossibility ntawm nws siv.

Sau kom tiav dismantling ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj pib nyob rau hauv 1753 thiab manufactured nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm lub xeev Councillor Ivan Jakovljevic Rossi, namesake ntawm tus naas ej Carlo Rossi, muab ob lub xyoo. Tom qab thawj Holy Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, twb tau kiag li rhuav, nws siv rau xyoo yog tus tsuas yog lub caij uas cov tsis tas tsa thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub monastery complex.

Ntau tshaj thiaj Catherine II

Ib tug tshiab theem ntawm lub tsev hauv lub tuam tsev belongs rau lub reign ntawm Empress Catherine II, qhov hais kom ua ntawm uas nyob rau hauv 1763 yog tsim los pab los ntawm cov kev sib tw ntawm cov Cathedral ntawm tej yaam num. Nws twb tau mus kawm los ntawm cov feem ntau hu ua architects ntawm lub sij hawm uas, xws li Yu. M. Felten, AF Kokorin, txiav Wiest, S. A. Volkov thiab lwm tus neeg. Tsis muaj leej twg lub hais ua hauj lwm tsis tau txais lub siab tshaj plaws pom zoo thiab kev tsim kho ntawm peb tes num twb shelved rau lwm kaum ib xyoos.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1774, thaum ntxiv qeeb twb tau - lub monastery twb ua, thiab lub hauv paus tuam tsev muaj - Catherine II kom qhia nws project ntawm kev tsim ib Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse Ivanu Egorovichu Starovu. Ua hauj lwm rau cov kev cov ntaub ntawv coj ob xyoos, thiab nyob rau hauv 1776, tom qab lub siab tshaj plaws kev pom zoo ntawm peb tes num, nws sau twb entrusted siv kev tswj. Empress tus kheej tam sim no nyob rau ceremonial tso ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Tam sim ntawd tom qab lub koob tsheej, foom koob hmoov rau, peb pib ua hauj lwm.

Tiav thiab fij tseg rau Vajtswv lub tuam tsev

Tsis pub dhau plaub lub xyoos, sawv mus rau saum ntuj ob bunk tswb ntauwd. Nyob rau ib tug ntawm lawv, sab qab teb, thaum lub sij hawm chimes tau ntsia, thiab nyob rau lwm yam, sab qaum teb, tsa trinadtsatitonny Tswb, uas yog thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub Iberian monastery thiab cam khwb cia nyob rau hauv 1658. Los ntawm 1786 kev tsim kho tej hauj lwm twb tiav nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, thiab nyob rau hauv plaub lub xyoos nws tau noj mus nqa tawm sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cia lub sij hawm rau lub tsev ntawm los nag, tsa lub tsev teev ntuj.

Nws coj qhov chaw nrog txawv txawv solemnity nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm feem ntau ntawm Catherine lub Great. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm los ntawm lub nyob ze tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Annunciation los ntawm cov incessant phom salute nyob rau hauv lub Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Monastery twb pauv mus rau yuav muab cia rau muaj kom txog thaum uas lub sij hawm, nyiaj thaj neeb nyob rau hauv uas reposed tus dawb huv relics ntawm Aleksandra Nevskogo.

Tuam tsev - ib tug tribute rau lub heroes

Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm nws siv lub Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg belongs rau hauv qeb ntawm thiaj li hu ua Kapitulna, uas yog, qhov kev txiav txim lub koom txoos. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav tham txog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm St. Aleksandra Nevskogo. Chiv mob siab rau nws txwv nws muab tso rau hauv sab qab teb ntauwd, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1838 twb abolished.

Raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm tshwj xeeb hwm rau tag nrho cov muab tus nqi zog no rau lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb chav tsev adjoining lub cathedral Fedorov lub cev twb tshwm sim nyob 1791, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau kev nkag mus rau lub tuam tsev muaj ib lub nyem ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm daim duab.

Thaum pib ntawm lub era ntawm tag nrho cov atheism

Txij thaum pib ntawm Bolshevik txoj cai Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Monastery tsis dim hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm universal expropriation ntawm tej khoom teej tug mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj. Tag nrho cov hais tias, raws li tus tshiab cov tub ceev xwm, yog ib yam uas muaj nuj nqis, nws tau ua tawm ntawm nws, thiab lub tsev raug muab tshaj nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo Renovators nws tus kheej - cov neeg sawv cev nyob tom qab lub Ob Hlis Ntuj kiv puag ncig secessionist zog ntawm cov txiv plig uas hais lus rau "daim ntawv rov ntxiv ntawm lub Koom Txoos" thiab ua kom tau tuaj mus rau cov ntsiab lus nrog cov Bolsheviks.

Los ntawm 1928 mus 1933 Holy Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Monastery koom mus rau ib tug sib txawv ceg ntawm cov txiv plig, mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm li "nepominayuschie". Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov pov thawj tsis kam tso nrog lub Soviet cov tub ceev xwm thiab nyob rau lawv kev pe hawm nyob rau hauv kev thov Vajtswv ua nco txog hnub Metropolitan Sergius (Stargorodsky), mus ua hauj lwm ze nrog nws. Thaum lub sij hawm nws zoo li ib tug me nyuam txawv los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Charter yuav tau ntshai los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm raws li ib tug nom tswv txiav txim, thiab los txiav txim rau nws, yuav tsum tau ib tug ncaj ncees ua siab tawv qhawv.

Tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm tus totalitarian tsoom fwv

Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1933 lub Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Monastery, uas nws keeb kwm yog kev lom zem ntau tsiaj ntawv nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov temples thiab monasteries ntawm lub sij hawm, twb kaw. Qhov kawg kev pab cuam twb muaj muaj nyob rau 7 lub hlis ntuj nqeg. Lub tsev teev ntuj lub tsev yog pom tau hais tias raws li ib tug masterpiece ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj architecture, staged ib tug dag chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas tom nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tsis muaj tsev nyob rau hauv lub koog tsev kawm ntawv Housing Authority, ib tug warehouse thiab ib tug tsev cia puav pheej. Nws twb abolished thiab cov Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Trinity Cathedral twb rov qab mus rau lub Orthodox neeg nyob rau hauv 1957, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau txoj cai ntawm lub parish lub tsev teev ntuj thiab nrog rau cov proviso tias lub zej zog yuav, nyob rau ntawm nws tus kheej nyiaj them ua kom tag nrho tsim nyog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws cov kev kho thiab restoration. Qhov zoo ces, nyob rau lub xyoo txij li thaum nws kaw, nws twb tsis puas lawm marble iconostasis Pinketi cov kwv tij, uas zoo heev ceev lub restoration ntawm lub tuam tsev. Ib xyoo tom qab, thaum ua tiav thawj zaug rau theem ntawm kev kho, lub tsev teev ntuj yog thaum kawg raug muab tshwj tseg.

lub rooj txhawb siab laurels

Tus heev tib tug Vaj Trinity Alexander Nevsky Lavra twb revived raws li ib tug monastery kom txog rau thaum 1989. Ces dua peb tau saws lub charter thiab nrhiav neeg, uas coj nws mus rau lub ntsiab administrative posts, xws li kev khwv nyiaj txiag, nyob deb nroog thawj, cov sacristan, confessor, thiab hais txog. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub zej zog twb abolished, nyob rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm tag nrho cov xwm txheej ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Qhov no yog vim txoj kev poob ntawm lawv raws li txoj cai ntawm ib qho kev ywj parish lub tsev teev ntuj. Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov vaj tse uas tau muaj yav tas los nyob rau hauv lub monastery complex twb rov qab mus rau lub monastery nyob rau hauv 2000.

Tuam tsev - lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub architectural complex

Niaj hnub no, St. Petersburg Alexander Nevsky Monastery yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab keeb kwm monuments ntawm lub nroog, ib tug architectural chaw uas yog hais tias yuav tus Vaj Ntsuj Trinity Cathedral. Qhov no neeg pej xeem nrog dome siv, uas yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ob tug monumental tswb ntauwd, xam tau tias yog ib tug ntawm cov masterpieces ntawm thaum ntxov classicism. Hauv nws peb haib pylon, sib koom tag nrho cov qhov chaw thiab muab rau nws ib cruciform zoo, txhawb cov koov ntawm lub tsev. Loggia ntsiab nkag framed portico ntawm rau Doric.

Ua ntej tus kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj yog lub paintings pub los Empress Catherine II, thiab tom qab txeeb los ntawm cov Bolsheviks. Cov lawv yog cov ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau ntau masters ntawm yav dhau los. Tab sis txawm hnub no, lub Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Monastery, uas nws sawv hnub rov qab mus rau lub XVIII xyoo pua, yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rau cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub muaj leej twg paub masters ntawm lub fine arts. Nws twb dim rau sketches ua Kvarengi pleev xim rau ncaws thiab vaults. Nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb nkag nyob reliefs depicting scenes ntawm cov qub thiab tshiab Testaments, tej hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg zoo tshaj Lavxias teb sab sculptor F. Shubin. Tshwj xeeb xim kuj tsim nyog pleev xim rau muaj koob muaj npe qhov rooj, ua los ntawm naas ej ntxias I. A. Akimovym thiab J. Mettenleyterom.

Cov masters paintings thiab sculptural dai kom zoo ntawm lub puab lub tuam tsev thaj chaw siab txuas ntxiv qhov artistic kab pib los ntawm I. E. Starov. Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Monastery, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tag nrho cov losses tsim tawm los ntawm lawv nyob rau lub xyoo ib tug tag nrho ntawm kev ntxeev siab, yog lub siab tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm classical Lavxias teb sab kos duab XVIII thiab XIX centuries.