Lub chaw uas zoo heev thiab tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Tyumen thaj av ntawd: kev piav qhia thiab nthuav tseeb

Tyumen cheeb tsam, thaj tsam ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev uas yog tus thib peb loj tshaj plaws nyob Russia yeej ib txwm tau thiab tseem raug nyob rau lub caij, yog ib lub txhawb cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws. Dua li ntawm qhov hnyav climatic tej yam kev mob, nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag nqe lus, yog los tsim kom tau ib tsob nroj, loj hlob pejxeem. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau qhov kev vam meej ntawm lub sab qaum teb cheeb tsam - nyob rau hauv nplua nuj natural resources. Nyob rau hauv lub bowels ntawm lub autonomous cov cheeb tsam ntawm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj thiab cov nkev reserves nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Thaj av tseeb ntawm ancient keeb kwm

Tsiv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Tyumen cheeb tsam pib rau hauv lub Upper (lig) Paleolithic txog 43 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov tseeb muaj tseeb nrog qhov ceeb nrhiav nyob rau hauv lub zos Baygara - nadpyatochnaya (talus) pob txha ntawm ib tug hominid. Nws loj yog hais txog 4.5 mus 5 cm, thiab nws tau koom ib tug neeg laus thaum muaj hnub nyoog 20-50 xyoo, uas nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no 43 000 xyoo dhau los. Nws yog assumed tias hominids tau koom rau cov genus Homo sapiens.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Tyumen cheeb tsam cheeb tsam yog heev loj, thiab archaeologists muaj ib qho chaw rau "roam" rau kabke ntawm thaum ntxov hais sib haum ntawm cov pawg neeg thaj av. Yog li ntawd, cov thawj ib co kua nplaum ntawm tib neeg habitation (seem ntawm kev koom thiab cemeteries) tau pom nyob rau lub shores ntawm lub pas dej St. Andrew thiab Tours. Lawv yuav Sargatka kab lis kev cai uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub 7-6 centuries. BC. e. Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo txhiab pib lub resettlement ntawm nomads: Ugrian thiab Samoyed pawg neeg, uas twb hloov los ntawm Turkic-hais lus haiv neeg mus rau sab qab teb. Mingling nrog lub hauv paus txawm haiv pab pawg neeg, lawv tsim ib tug tshiab lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv particular, Mansi thiab Khanty, Selkup, Nenets.

Nyob rau hauv 13-16 centuries nyob rau lub shores ntawm Tyumenka yog lub peev ntawm Tyumen khanate Kerayit thiab Tatars. Nws yog ib tug vassal ntawm lub medieval sab hnub tuaj lub xeev ntawm cov Golden Horde. Tom qab crushing rau tom kawg rau hauv cais Khanate, Siberia tsim thawj union - Grand Duchy ntawm Tyumen. Nws twb hloov los ntawm cov Siberian Khanate nyob rau hauv 1420, tus nrog nws capital nyob rau hauv Kashlyk.

Conquest ntawm Siberia

Tam sim no, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam (kev kawm rau autonomous cheeb tsam) yog 1.464.173 km ^2, thiab qhov no tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm lub Western Siberia. Territory yog cov thawj nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab hnub tuaj. Yuav kom lawv tuaj txog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. Lawv inhabited los ntawm cov Nenets neeg (herders), Hunt thiab taiga zoov thiab fishermen Mansi. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov pab pawg neeg yog hais txog 8 thiab 15-18 txhiab. Cov neeg feem. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb lawv nyob Turkic pab pawg neeg uas collectively hu ua "Tatars".

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov Lavxias teb sab ua ntej mus rau hauv Siberia mus haum peacefully. Es, lawv nkag tau mus rau tshiab chaw, dua li kov yeej lawv. Active txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Moscow, lub Urals thiab Trans-Urals pib tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Novgorod nyob rau hauv 1478, tab sis, thaum lub caij xyoo pua 16th yog tas rau xwb ib tug ob peb kev vam meej campaigns. Siberian Khanate tau lub dag lub zog thiab los ua ib tug kev hem thawj rau lub sab hnub tuaj lub tebchaws. Tom qab cov nres rau muaj myiaj tub txawj tub ntse Stroganoff tswv cuab nyob rau hauv 1573, ib lub koom haum Kuchum, nws twb fused detachment taws los Ataman Ermak. Nws cia qhib txoj kev mus rau sab hnub tuaj rau lub Muscovites, lub conquest ntawm Siberia nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm muaj tsis muaj siv ceev xwmphem. Ib me ntsis tsawg tshaj li ib xyoo pua nws twb tau kiag li txuas mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab xeev.

Thaj chaw thiab thaj tsam ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam

Raws li twb hais saum toj no, cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Tyumen thaj av ntawd yog 1.464.173 km ^2, lub cheeb tsam Qib peb nyob rau hauv loj, tom qab lub koom pheej ntawm Sakha (Yakutia) thiab lub Krasnoyarsk Territory. Nws stretches ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb yog 1400 km thiab 2100 km feem. Tyumen Thaj av yog nyob rau hauv lub southwestern ib feem ntawm lub lowlands ntawm lub West Siberian Tiaj. Lub northernmost point - ib tug dhaus cape Skuratov rau lub Yamal ceg av qab teb, lub yav qab teb - nyob rau hauv Sladkovsky District, western - qhov chaw ntawm cov dej Severnaya Sosva, sab hnub tuaj - nyob rau hauv lub Nizhnevartovsk District. Ib feem ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yog ntxuav los ntawm cov dej ntawm lub Kara hiav txwv, cov lwm yam ciam teb rau lwm rau Krasnoyarsk Krai, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk thiab cov Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi koom pheej, thiab Kazakhstan. Nws niaj hnub lub npe ntawm lub cheeb tsam tau txais lub yim hli ntuj 14, 1944.

Nom tswv division

ob autonomous cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam: Yamalo-Nenets thiab Khanty-Mansiysk. Nyob rau hauv 1993 lawv tau txais tus txheej xwm, equated mus rau lub RF kawm, tab sis yog officially tseem yog ib feem ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam. Lawv impress nrog nws loj: 769 250 km ² thiab 534 801 km ^2, ntsig txog. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam tsis muaj autonomous cheeb tsam yog tsis heev loj - tsuas yog 160 122 km ^2.

Lub cheeb tsam muaj xws li 29 lub zos, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv: Tyumen (720 575 pers.), Surgut (348 643 pers.), Nizhnevartovsk (270 846 pers.), Nefteyugansk (125 368 pers.), Novy Urengoy (111 163 cov neeg). , Noyabrsk (106 631 pers.). Close rau lub cim 100 000 Tobolsk (pictured saum toj no) thiab Khanty-Mansiysk. Cov hauv lub zos yeej los ntawm me me - txog li 50 txhiab tus neeg .. Cheeb Tsam 38 yog muab faib mus rau hauv tej thaj chaw 480 ua hauj lwm chaw.

Txoj kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm lub cheeb tsam

Vim lub fact tias Tyumen cheeb tsam cheeb tsam loj, kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam tej zaum nws yuav txawv ntau heev, ob leeg muaj thiab fauna. Feem chaw uas zoo heev nyob rau hauv lub arctic suab puam tsam, hav zoov-tundra thiab tundra, taiga, steppe thiab mixed forests. Lub cheeb tsam no yog yus muaj los ntawm huab climatic tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Rau tej qhov chaw ntawm lub Far North xws li cov Yamalo-Nenets, Berezovsky thiab Beloyarskii chaw KhMAO-Yugra, cov seem kev tswj chav nyob ntawm lub yav tas thiab cov Uvat koog tsev kawm ntawv equated rau lawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub North cheeb tsam dominates Arctic (ncov qaumteb qabteb) nrog xyoo-round kev nyab xeeb tsis zoo cua kub. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm cov Kara Hiav txwv thiab tus mob khaub thuas permafrost, ib tug nplua mais ntawm cov dej ntws, marshes thiab pas dej. Rau lub Arctic kev nyab xeeb yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ntev lub caij ntuj no (mus rau 8 lub hlis.), Ib tug heev luv luv lub caij ntuj sov, uas tsis muaj dej nag thiab zog cua. Nruab nrab txhua xyoo kub yog tsis zoo, txog -10 ° C nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, lub sab pib yog tsau nyob ib ncig ntawm -70 ° C. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv cov climatic tej yam kev mob, yog ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov (nco ntsoov lub saum toj no daim ntawv qhia, AO tsaus).

Txoj kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub hauv paus thiab yav qab teb ib feem ntawm lub cheeb tsam

Central thiab South Tyumen cheeb tsam kev kawm rau ntsis kev nyab xeeb, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Hemisphere. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm heev thiab tseem ceeb variations ntawm atmospheric siab, huab cua kub, cua cov kev taw qhia kev hloov. Tag nrho cov no yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm khaus kev ua ntawm cyclones. Lub temperate kev nyab xeeb muaj plaub pronounced caij: lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov (ntsiab), lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav (intermediate). Lub caij ntuj no teem ruaj khov daus cover. Kev nyab xeeb tej zaum yuav muaj zaubmov heev los ntawm me me mus rau ntse-continental. Yog li, qhov ntev ntawm lub sij hawm cov pa kub hauv qab no yog 0 ° C yog 130 hnub hauv ib lub xyoo nyob rau hauv lub capital cheeb tsam. Lub cheeb tsam sab qab teb ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam yog kwv yees li 1/3 ntawm cov tag nrho lub teb chaws.

minerals

Lub Tyumen thaj av ntawd muaj reserves ntawm hydrocarbons, uas yog pom nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no scale. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov bowels ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws roj thiab roj. Tag nrho cov ntim ntawm kev tshawb kawm drilling tshaj 45 lab cubic meters ^3. Roj yog ua mas nyob rau hauv lub ob, thiab roj nyob rau hauv lub North. Nrog rau cov txheej txheem txuam sai kev loj hlob ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Qhov tseem tseem ceeb thiab tshaj deposits ntawm hydrocarbons - yog Fyodorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, OB, Samotlorskoye roj - Yamburgskoye, Urengoiskoye, Xyooj. DVR peat, quartz xuab zeb, sapropel, limestone thiab lub pov haum pob zeb, hlau ore (tooj liab chromite, taug txhuas).

Dej thiab pab tom hav zoov

Thaj av ntawd muaj ib tug impressive Tshuag ntawm cov dej tshiab uas yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab dej ntws - Irtish thiab OB (muaj navigable tus nqi) Tobol, Great Lakes Uvat, Dub thiab al Cheeb Tsam Tyumen cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv sq. M. km nyob los ntawm cov forests, sib npaug zos rau 430 000 (43 lab hectares). Raws li qhov ntsuas no, nws Cov Qib peb ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb yog kub springs, nyob rau hauv uas cov dej kub yog hom twg los ntawm 37 mus rau 50 ° C, lawv muaj balneological zog thiab yog heev nrov tsis tau tsuas yog nyob hauv zos, tiam sis kuj tourists los ntawm nyob sib ze cheeb tsam.

Tyumen cheeb tsam pejxeem

Tom qab kev kawm txog dab tsi thaj tsam ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv qhov qeb duas ntawm lub cheeb tsam, yuav ua li cas loj nws yog, ib tug yuav xav hais tias tias cov pej xeem yuav tsum muaj coob. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum ua ib qho kev hloov mus rau qhov hnyav climatic tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas nws yog heev yooj yim mus nyob. Tyumen cheeb tsam nrog ib tug neeg nyob ntawm 3.615.485 neeg (raws li ntawm 2016, nrog rau siv yooj yim cheeb tsam tsev) tsis poob txawm nyob rau hauv lub saum toj nees nkaum ntawm lub rating ntawm Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub xeem kev suav pej xeem. Thiab qhov no txawm lub fact tias nws yog tus thib peb cheeb tsam. Heev tsawg pejxeem ceev - 2.47 neeg uas tauj ib square kilometer. Feem ntau cov neeg nyob hauv lub zos - 80,12%, uas yog heev zajlus kom, raws li nyob rau hauv lub permafrost thiab tundra ciaj sia nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb zos thiab lub zos yooj yim.

Raws li rau lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg, feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem, raws li cov 2010 census - ib tug Lavxias teb sab (69.26%). On thib ob thiab thib peb siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus Tatar (7.07%) thiab Ukrainian (4.63%). Txawm tsawg Bashkirs thiab Azerbaijanis, 1,37% thiab 1.28% feem. Lwm yam haiv neeg qhia tsawg tshaj li 1%. Lub hauv paus txawm cov neeg ntawm sab qaum teb: Nenets, Khanty thiab Mansi sawv cev 0,93%, 0,86% thiab 0,34% feem.