Lub cell daim nyias nyias tsis yog ib tug? Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cell week

Los ntawm nadmembrannym ceg cog hlwb, fungi thiab ib co kab mob siv xws qauv raws li lawv cov phab ntsa. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav kawm txog cov qauv ntawm cov cell phab ntsa nyob rau hauv sib txawv pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob, thiab kuj clarified lub zog nws ua. Raws li yog lub npe hu, qhov no kev tivthaiv twb xub nrhiav tau los ntawm lus Askiv paub txog Robert Hooke nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Nco ntsoov kuj hais tias tus cell daim nyias nyias yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib-celled tsiaj, thiab multicellular kab mob, los ntawm coelenterates thiab xaus nrog vertebrates: ntses, amphibians, cov tsiaj reptiles, cov noog thiab cov tsiaj.

Vim li cas koj xav tau nws

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov qauv thiab cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov fungal phab ntsa, cov nroj tsuag thiab drobyanok txawv, cell daim nyias nyias muaj nuj nqi lawv yog heev uas zoo sib xws. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog tus tiv thaiv ntawm lub cytoplasm thiab nws cov organelles los ntawm cov ua tus ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb.

Tom ntej: nadmembranny ua yog ib tug txhim khu kev qha kev pab txhawb nqa kev sib ntsib thiab muab lub dag lub zog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab fungi. Hauv qab no peb yuav xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej yuav ua li cas lub plhaub qauv sib thooj nrog lub zog uas nws ua.

Nta ntawm lub cell phab ntsa ntawm cov nroj tsuag

Qhov no qauv rau tsob nroj kab mob muaj yeej tseem zoo ntawm ib tug polymer teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm polysaccharides - cellulose. Nws molecular mis yog tib yam li hais tias ntawm lub zaub cov hmoov txhuv nplej (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) n.} Macromolecules ntawm polysaccharide muaj seem ntawm beta-qabzib, thiab tsuas muaj ib tug linear qauv, li ntawd, lawv tau ntawv fibers, sau rau hauv bundles. Lawv tsim ib tug robust ncej cell phab ntsa -depth nyob rau hauv ib tug colloidal matrix, uas yog tseem muaj mas carbohydrates - hemicelluloses thiab pectin. Tsis tas li ntawd, cellulose feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag, e.g., paj rwb fiber ntawm 99% muaj ntshiab cellulose, flax thiab hemp muaj nws nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 75-80% ntawm tus ntoo - mus txog rau 55%. Raws li twb tau hais, cov kev ua ntawm cell week yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob no rau cov ntaub so ntswg uas nws nkag mus rau.

Dhau li cellulose phab ntsa muaj cov nqaijrog, lipids thiab inorganic cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa ntawm ntau dua cov nroj tsuag spore - horsetails - muaj xws li silicon dioxide, li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag nws tus kheej yog heev yeem thiab check thiab yog inedible tsiaj. Ib tug ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg txoj kev kav ntawm perennial nroj tsuag thiab hu ua stopper, accumulates nyob rau hauv lub zoo li muaj muaj roj xws li tshuaj - suberin. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub cytoplasm thiab nws cov organelles tawg ua me me thiab lub hlwb lawv tus kheej muaj peev xwm ua tau xwb ib tug yuav txhawb tau nuj nqi (oprobkovevanie kav).

Yog hais tias nyob nruab nrab ntawm cellulose fibers noog lignin, hemicellulose ua ke nrog nws tej tus neeg kho tshuab zog ntawm cov ntsug tus kav thiab stems ntawm nroj tsuag ntawm ntxhov hom, thiab pigments muaj nyob rau hauv lignin, ua coloration ntoo. Lub phab ntsa kuj muaj pores lined nrog ib tug nyias nyias, uas muab thauj ntawm tshuaj.

Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cell daim nyias nyias ntawm fungi

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntau yam pab pawg ntawm fungi foundation phab ntsa yog chitin - ib tug polysaccharide, uas yog nyob kuj nyob rau hauv tus txheej cev pob txha ntawm arthropods thiab nyob rau hauv ib co kab mob. Nadmembrannye ceg fungi kuj muaj cellulose thiab tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej - glycogen. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj qauv ntawm cov poov xab ntawm tes phab ntsa yog sawv cev mas carbohydrates - glucan thiab mannan. Phab ntsa nws tus kheej los ntawm lawv muaj zog txaus thiab yog tsis zoo digested cov nyob rau hauv lub mob huam los ntawm cov tsiaj, yog li cov as-ham tsis npaj meej muaj nyob thiab cov poov xab tsis absorbed epithelium hauv cov hnyuv.

nta kab mob

Yog hais tias lub cell daim nyias nyias yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv protists, prokaryotes ces nws muaj ib tug heev qauv, xws li ib tug murein, lipoproteins thiab lipopolysaccharides, thiab teichoic acid. phab ntsa lipopolysaccharides txhawb adhesion ntawm cov kab mob mus rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm substrates, piv txwv li, rau cov hniav enamel los yog mus rau lub week ntawm eukaryotes. Yog li ntawd, lub cell phab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob thiab tsis tau muaj antigenic zog.

Feem ntau cov kab mob sab saum toj phab ntsa them txheej capsule (capsid), li uas tej zaum yuav nyob rau lwm tus tiv thaiv txheej - peplos. Nyob ntawm seb nws cov qauv, nyob rau hauv microbiology tag nrho cov kab mob yog muab faib ua Gram-zoo thiab Gram-tsis zoo.

Ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg

Cov kev pab kom paub qhov txawv prokaryotes rau lub specifics ntawm cov tshuaj qauv ntawm lawv zoo li, twb npaj siab los ntawm lub Danish paub txog G. Gram nyob rau hauv lub lig XIX caug xyoo. Nws pom hais tias ib co hom kab mob no tsuas zoo aniline dyes thiab tsim ruaj khov tebchaw liab doog xim hais tias ua li tus cell daim nyias nyias.

Tej gram zoo prokaryotes tau lub npe hu ua: piv txwv li, Staphylococcus thiab tus kab mob Streptococcus. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov raug rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob penicillin thiab actinomycin. Lwm yam kab mob, hu ua gram-tsis zoo, tsis txhob tsuas nrog methyl violet. Lawv yog cov resistant rau penicillin, vim hais tias lawv muaj ib tug tau tsawg-permeability capsule thiab cell phab ntsa. Cov no muaj xws Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. Lub cell daim nyias nyias ntawm cov kab mob, uas muaj ib tug txawv tshuaj nyob tus yeees, yog ib qho tseem ceeb microbiological yam ntxwv ntawm uas yog sau nyob rau hauv pharmacology thiab tshuaj.

Nta ntawm mycoplasmas

Cia peb nyob rau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm heev me me kab mob - mycoplasma. Me me cov kev tshawb fawb nws twb pom tau tias cov cell daim nyias nyias yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv, yog li mycoplasmas rhiab rau tej tshuaj tua kab mob, xws li tetracycline. Mycoplasmas lug faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog cov causative ua hauj lawm ntawm ntau cov kab mob, nrog rau cov tib neeg urogenital system.

Feem ntau cov mycoplasma nyob rau hauv lawv cov metabolism yog yuav tsum tau siv cov pa thiab yog nruj aerobes. Raws li cab tib neeg thiab cov tsiaj, lawv muab sai heev, raws li nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cell week lub xub ntiag ntawm cholesterol, uas yog ib cov paaj substrate rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab tu tub tu kiv ntawm mycoplasmas.

Adaptation nyob rau hauv qhov nyuaj

Nyuam qhuav pib, peb hais qhov tseeb hais tias lub cell daim nyias nyias yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ciliates thiab lwm yam ib leeg-celled tsiaj, piv txwv li, rhizopods. Zoologists nrhiav tau hais tias protista yog tiav tsiaj kab mob, uas muaj tag nrho cov kev khiav dej num ntawm: kev loj hlob, tu tub tu kiv, kev noj haus, kev ua pa, feem. Ntxiv mus, lub tsev nyob rau hauv dej puag ncig los noo av, protists ua los ntawm ib tug nyias daim nyias nyias thauj ntawm dej thiab mineral ntsev, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab raug rho tawm ntshav membrane los ntawm pores muaj metabolic khoom. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj nyuab unicellular tsiaj nadmembrannyh ceg uas yog idioadaptatsy rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm yam kev mob ambient.

Yuav kom tiv thaiv thiab khaws cia rau lub sam xeeb txog qhov ntawm lub plhaub protozoa muaj pelikulu - denser txheej txheej ectoplasm. Vim pelikule muaj elasticity thiab durability yog khaws cia tas li zoo ntawm tus tsiaj lub cev.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, cov qauv thiab cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov cell week tau raug kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cog hlwb ntawm tus kab mob no, raws li zoo raws li cov kab mob thiab fungi.