TsimSecondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv

Loj volcanoes: daim ntawv teev

Yuav ua li cas yog lub roob hluav taws? Kub molten lava tsev, nchuav los ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab nrog rau cov ntoo tshauv huab ntawm kub zog. Lub spectacle yog yeej exciting, tab sis qhov twg yog nws los qhovtwg los? Yuav ua li cas yog lub loj volcanoes nyob ua ib ke rau ntawm peb lub ntiaj chaw? Qhov twg yog lawv?

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab hom ntawm volcanoes

Nyob rau hauv tuab ua kiav txhab yog magma - molten khoom loj loj kub thiab nyob rau hauv kub siab. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub magma muaj minerals, dej vapor thiab roj cua. Thaum lub siab yuav siab dhau heev lawm, roj magma thawb mus los ntawm cov uas qaug zog point ntawm lub kiav txhab. Lub nto txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm lub nce raws li tej roob, thiab thaum kawg lov magma.

Erupting magma yog hu ua lava thiab pob zeb mus rau lub toj nrog ib lub qhov - ib tug roob hluav taws. Uas yog nrog los ntawm emission ntawm tshauv thiab chav. Lava tsiv rau tus ceev ntawm 40 km / h, ib tug kub ntawm txog 1000 degrees Celsius. Nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm tus kev tawg ntawm volcanoes thiab lwm yam tshwm sim raug muab faib ua ntau yam hom. Piv txwv li, Hawaii, Plinian, peleysky thiab lwm tus neeg.

Raws li cov lava solidifies to thiab superimposed khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tsim tus duab ntawm lub roob hluav taws. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov volcanoes conical, tiaj tus, domed, stratosphere, los yog fawm kib, thiab complex nrhiav. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv muab faib ua active, dormant thiab tu noob, nyob ntawm seb cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm volcanic kev ua si.

Loj volcanoes ntawm lub ntiaj teb no

Thoob ntiaj teb, muaj cov kwv yees li 540 active volcanoes, tus xov tooj ntawm tu noob ntau. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog nyob tsuas yog nyob rau Pacific, East Africa, lub Mediterranean daim ntau quav tso aav. Qhov loj tshaj kev ua si no yog muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm sab qab teb thiab Central America, Kamchatka, Nyiv, lub Aleutian Islands tuaj, nyob rau hauv Iceland.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Pacific tsam yog nyob 330 active volcanoes. Loj volcanoes yog nyob rau hauv lub Andes, nyob rau hauv cov neeg Esxias Islands tuaj. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, lub siab tshaj plaws yog xav kom Kilimanjaro, nyob rau hauv Tanzania. Qhov no muaj feem active roob hluav taws, uas tej zaum yuav sawv ntawm txhua lub caij. Nws qhov siab yog 5895 meters.

Ob tug giant volcanic ntiaj teb no yog bred nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Chile thiab Argentina. Lawv pom tau hais tias lub siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Ojos del Salado yog tu noob, nws uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 700 AD, txawm hais tias tej zaum nws throws pa dej thiab sulfur. Argentine llullaillaco xam tau tias yog active, lub sij hawm tas los nws thiaj tawg xwb nyob rau hauv 1877.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntiaj teb no volcanoes uas hais nyob rau hauv lub rooj.

lub npe

qhov chaw

Qhov siab, m

xyoo uas

Ojos del Salado

Andes, Chile

6887

700

llullaillaco

Andes, Argentina

6739

1877

San Pedro

Andes, Chile

6145

1960

Cotopaxi

Andes, Ecuador

5897

2015

Kilimanjaro

Tanzania, Africa

5895

tsis paub hais tias

Misty

Andes, Peru

5822

1985

Orizaba

Cordillera, Mexico

5675

1846

Elbrus

Caucasus Toj siab, Russia

5642

50

Popocatepetl

Cordillera, Mexico

5426

2015

Sangay

Andes, Ecuador

5230

2012

Nplhaib ntawm hluav taws Pacific

Pacific dej zais peb lithospheric daim hlau. Lawv txheej sawv mus nyob rau hauv lub lithospheric daim hlau continents. Tag nrho perimeter ntawm lub pob qij txha situated Pacific nplhaib ntawm hluav taws - me me thiab cov loj loj volcanoes, feem ntau ntawm uas yog kom nquag plias.

Nplhaib ntawm hluav taws pib los ntawm Antarctica, sau los ntawm New Zealand, lub Philippines, Nyiv, lub Kuril Islands tuaj, Kamchatka, stretches ib ncig ntawm lub Pacific ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm North thiab South America. Nyob rau hauv ib co chaw, lub nplhaib lawm, piv txwv li, nyob ze ntawm Vancouver Island thiab hauv lub Xeev California.

Loj volcanoes Pacific siv cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv lub Andes (Orizaba, San Pedro, Misty, Kotopahi), Sumatra (Kerinci), Ross kob (Erebus), Java (Semeru). Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo - Fuji - situated nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm Honshu. Lub Sunda Strait yog lub roob hluav taws Krakatoa.

Lub volcanic keeb kwm ntawm lub archipelago yog lub Hawaiian Islands. Qhov loj tshaj plaws lub roob hluav taws - Mauna Loa nrog altitude 4169 meters. Tus txheeb ze qhov siab ntawm lub roob kis Everest thiab yog suav hais tias yog siab tshaj plaws ncov ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, qhov no muaj nqi 10 168 meters.

Mediterranean tsam

Lub roob qhov chaw ntawm North-West Africa, yav qab teb teb chaws Europe, cov Mediterranean, lub Caucasus, Asia muaj hnub nyoog, Indo-Tuam Tshoj, Tibet, Indonesia thiab lub Himalayas li Alpide siv. Ntawm no muaj active geological dab, ib tug manifestation ntawm uas yog volcanic kev ua si.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws volcanoes nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean tsam - yog Vesuvius, Santorini (Aegean hiav txwv), thiab lub Roob Etna nyob rau hauv ltalis, Elbrus thiab Kazbek Caucasus Ararat nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv. Italian Vesuvius muaj peb peaks. Los ntawm nws cov haib uas nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo pua AD, lub nroog raug kev txom nyem Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabia, Oplonti. Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim, Karl Bryullov sau tus naas ej painting "Lub Kawg ntawm Pompeii."

Stratovolcano Ararat yog lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Armenian toj siab. Nws kawg uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1840. Nws twb nrog los ntawm ib tug av qeeg tag pov tseg rau hauv lub zos nyob sib ze lub zos thiab monastery. Ararat li Caucasian Kazbek, muaj ob peaks, uas cais eeb.

Loj Lavxias teb sab volcanoes (daim ntawv teev)

Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, lub volcanoes yog nyob rau hauv lub Kuril Islands cheeb tsam, Kamchatka, lub Caucasus thiab Trans-Baikal. Lawv tau dab tsi rau txog 8.5% ntawm tag nrho cov volcanoes nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv pom tau hais tias yuav tu noob, tab sis cov cia li tawg ntawm lub Nameless ib nyob rau hauv 1956 thiab lub Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv 1997 muaj pov thawj qhov Relativity ntawm lub sij hawm.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws volcanoes muaj nyob rau hauv Kamchatka thiab cov Kuril Islands. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm Eurasia (xws li uas twb muaj lawm sawv daws yuav) yog suav tias yog Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4835 meters). Nws kawg uas twb kaw nyob rau hauv 2013. Nyob rau hauv lub Primorsky thiab Khabarovsk Territories yog heev me me volcanoes. Piv txwv li, lub qhov siab Baranovsky yog 160 meters. Nws ua si nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los xyoo caum tsom Berg (2005), Ebeko (2010), Chikurachki (2008), Kizimen (2013) thiab lwm tus neeg.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws volcanoes Russia nyob rau hauv lub rooj.

lub npe

qhov chaw

Qhov siab, m

xyoo uas

Elbrus

Caucasus

5642

50

Kazbek

Caucasus

5033

650 BC. e.

Kluchevskoy

Kamchatka Krai

4835

2013

pob zeb

Kamchatka Krai

4585

tsis paub hais tias

Ushkovsky

Kamchatka Krai

3943

1890

Tolbachik

Kamchatka Krai

3682

2012

Ichinsky

Kamchatka Krai

3621

1740

kronotsky

Kamchatka Krai

3528

1923

Sheveluch

Kamchatka Krai

3307

2014

Zhupanovsky

Kamchatka Krai

2923

2014

xaus

Volcanoes yog cov teebmeem ntawm tus active dab uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Lawv tsim nyob rau hauv lub kub me ntsis ua kiav txhab, qhov chaw uas cov tawv ntoo yuav tsis tau withstand lub siab ntawm nres thiab siab kub. Qhov yuav tshwm volcanic uas yuav ua tau heev loj heev, raws li lawv yog nrog emission rau cua tshauv, gases, sulfur.

Nrog phenomena eruptions yog feem ntau av qeeg thiab tej kev yuam kev. Ntws lava yog li ntawd loj kub, uas instantly ua rau lom kab mob.

Txawm li cas los, sib nrug los ntawm cov tug kev txiav txim ntawm volcanoes muaj rov qab kev txiav txim. Lava, uas tsis tuaj mus rau qhov chaw, muaj peev xwm nqa lub sediments, txoj kev ua roob. Ib tug rau txim ntawm lub tawg ntawm ib tug underwater roob hluav taws nyob rau hauv Iceland tau ua cov kob ntawm Surtsey.

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