Darwin lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution

Darwin lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution - ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab theories ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no. Raws li Darwin, lub tsav tsheb rog ntawm evolution - tej yam ntuj tso xaiv, variation, qub txeeg qub teg. Tshiab cov tsos mob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub variability. Cov yav tas yog ib tug meej thiab tsis meej. Ib tug tej yam (directional) variability tshwm sim thaum ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob muaj tib yam ntxim rau tag nrho los yog feem ntau uas muaj tej hom ntawm cov neeg. Nws tsis yog txhob kaw tsau nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no tiam. Nyob rau hauv ib co neeg tej zaum yuav undetermined (undirected) kev hloov uas yog random thiab raws roj ntsha. Indefinite variability yog ntawm ob hom - thiab combinative hloov. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj thaum lub sij hawm meiosis nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm progeny yog tshiab ob peb ua ke ntawm txiv thiab niam chromosomes pauv qhov chaw uas tej zaum, thiab nrog txhua tiam ua ke ntawm noob yuav tsub kom. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv, cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic qauv hloov kab mob: lub xov tooj ntawm chromosomes, lawv cov qauv los yog noob qauv.

Darwin lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution thiab nws cov tswv cuab ntseeg tau hais tias kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cev yog raug rau cov ib puag ncig. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso xaiv, ciaj sia taus ntawm lub zag ntawm tug nqa ntawm pab nta uas muaj arisen raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm recombination los yog noob change. Cov xaiv yog ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj nyob rau hauv lub evolution, ua rau cov tsim ntawm hom ntawm tus kab mob no. Nws yuav qhia nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv: tsav tsheb, stabilizing thiab cuam tshuam. Tus thawj coj rau cov emergence ntawm tshiab txhia. Feem ntau cov yuav tawm zag yog muaj rau cov neeg uas tau hloov nyob rau hauv ib co hauv paus, muab piv nrog rau cov nruab nrab tus nqi. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob daim ntawv, muab cia rau adaptation tsim nyob rau hauv qhov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob rau hauv ib tug pej xeem ntawm cov neeg uas muab cia rau muaj ib qho nruab nrab tus nqi cwj pwm. Nyob rau hauv ib tug thib peb daim ntawv ntawm lwm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm polymorphism. Hais tias yog, xaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob los yog ntau tshaj ib hom ntawm hloov.

Darwin lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution tau qhia hais tias lub ntsiab tsav tsheb quab yuam ntawm evolution - natural xaiv. Tam sim no raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm interbreeding yuav tsim tshiab hom coob. Ziag siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev kawm, xws li keeb kwm (Karl Marx) thiab psychology (Sigmund Freud).

Cov niaj hnub xav ntawm evolution tau undergone tseem ceeb cov kev hloov. Tsis zoo li cov thawj Darwin tshawb xav, nws kom meej meej tseg elementary qauv (pejxeem), uas cov evolution pib. Cov niaj hnub xav ntawm ib tug ntau piav rau, nws yog tsis meej thiab txhais cov tsav tsheb rog thiab yam tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb cov kev loj thiab me. Ib elementary manifestation ntawm tus txheej txheem yog ib pab hloov nyob rau hauv genotype coob. Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm cov niaj hnub tshawb xav yog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub mechanism ntawm evolutionary dab, muaj peev xwm mus twv seb hloov.

Darwin lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution yog zoo txuas nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub biochemical evolution, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias thawj organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau hydrocarbons tsim los ntawm tej yam yooj yim tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ntxiv hydrocarbon tebchaw nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiab tsim ntawm complex organic tshuaj. Cov dab tau hloov zuj zuj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm khaus hnub ci tawg thiab hluav taws xob ntswg ntawm xob laim, faib qhov yuav tsum tau npaum li cas ntawm ultraviolet tawg. Accumulating dej hiav txwv organics tsim muaj zog molecular bonds uas yog resistant mus rau lub ua los ntawm ultraviolet tawg. Tom qab ib tug ntev evolution ntawm carbon tebchaw lub neej sawv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub biochemical evolution tsim Alekseem Oparinym, Stenli Millerom, John Haldane thiab lwm tus neeg.