Hom ntawm theories. Lej theory. scientific theories

Yuav ua li cas tej theories yuav pom thiab hnov cov niaj hnub tus txiv neej! Thiab lawv yuav ua tau qhia sib txawv heev. Thiab qhov no yog vim li, vim hais tias muaj ntau hom ntawm theories. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim lawv siv ntau le caag, thiab lawv yog aimed ntawm sib txawv ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug nom tswv txoj kev xav, zauv, economic, social. Tab sis cia tus tag nrho cov coj ib tug los ze zog saib.

lus qhia dav dav

Hauv vib this kev science lo lus "kev tshawb xav" yuav tsum to taub nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab txoj kev: nqaim thiab dav. Tus thawj ntawm cov hais txog lub siab tshaj plaws hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev txawj ntse, uas muab ib tug holistic saib rau ntawm lub substantive linkages thiab cov qauv nyob rau hauv ib tug cheeb tsam ntawm kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, rau ib tug scientific theory yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug system ntawm kev sib raug zoo, cov zajlus kom kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub ntsiab, hatchability ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim thiab hais (tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov zajlus kom thiab methodological kev cai). Hais tias yog tag nrho thiab npaaj cov yooj yim kev tshawb xav. Thiab yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv nws yog to taub nyob rau hauv lub broadest siab ntawm lo lus?

Kev tshawb xav ntawm science nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib tug txheej ntawm cov tswv yim, views thiab cov tswvyim, uas yog npaj los txhais lus rau tej yam kev tshwm sim (los yog pab pawg neeg ntawm zoo xws li cov teeb meem). Koj tsis tau dab tsi ceeb? Yog hais tias koj xav txog nws, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej theories. Kev Ncaj Ncees rau nws yog tsim nyog hais tias, rau qhov cov lawv mus rau lub cheeb ntawm txhua hnub psychology. Ua tsaug rau lawv tus txiv neej npaj nws lub tswv yim ntawm kev ncaj ncees, siab zoo, kev hlub thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej, yog txivneej los pojniam kev sib raug zoo, post-mortem hav zoov, thiab cov zoo li.

Yog vim li cas ziag no?

Lawv tawm suab ib yam ntawm cov methodological "hlwb" ntawm scientific kev txawj ntse. Cov niaj hnub ziag no muaj cov muaj kev txawj ntse thiab cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov uas nws twb tau thiab muaj pov thawj. Hais tias yog, nws muaj qhov yooj yim "tsev" cov ntaub ntawv - paub. Lawv muaj kev cob cog rau txhua lwm yam kev txiav txim. Twb los ntawm lawv, raws li cov kev cai ntawm logic, ua inferences.

Tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi hom ntawm theories yog xam tau tias yog thaum lawv lub hauv paus yuav tsum nco ntsoov yuav ib tug los sis txawm ib ob peb tswv yim (hypotheses) uas muaj lub ntsiab kom meej teeb meem (los sis txawm lawv tag nrho complex). Uas yog, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav hu ua ib tug tag nrho-fledged science, yog txaus kom muaj tsuas ib tug zoo-tsim kev tshawb xav. Raws li ib qho piv txwv geometry.

Yog nws yooj yim to taub txoj kev tshawb xav?

Yuav pib nrog peb yuav to taub lub ntsiab inferences, teeb meem thiab hypotheses. Lawv muaj peev xwm feem ntau haum rau hauv ib zaug xwb kab lus. Rau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm tib nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua. Yog li ntawd, los piav thiab pov thawj nws feem ntau txawm sau tag nrho tej hauj lwm. Nws yog txaus rau siv raws li ib qho piv txwv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm universal gravitation uas Newton formulated. Rau nws cov kev tshawb nws sau ib voluminous ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1987, uas yog hu ua "lej Principles of Natural Philosophy". Sau ntawv nws coj nws ntau tshaj li 20 xyoo. Tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias tus yooj yim kev tshawb xav yog li ntawd txoj hais tias lawv yuav tsis to taub qhov dog dig pej xeem.

Feem ntau nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev tshawb xav tej zaum yuav sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ob peb lub schematic (thiab, ntsig txog, compressed) daim ntawv. Qhov no mus kom ze hais tias yuav tau tawm ntawm tag nrho cov menyuam yaus, tsis tseem ceeb, thiab feem ntau coj tawm ntawm cov pab pawg pum cov lus thiab txhawb cov pov thawj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, raws li tau sib tham txog ua ntej lawm, txhua tus neeg yog xam qhovkev rau lawv muaj lawv cov theories, uas yog ib tug generalization ntawm nws tus kheej kev kawm txawj thiab nws tsom xam. Yog li ntawd, yog xav kom koj to taub science yuav complicate thiab nquag ua hauj lwm.

hom theories

Lawv sib cais rau lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cov qauv, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm constructing theoretical kev txawj ntse. Faib cov theories:

• Axiomatic.
• Inductive.
• Hypothetical-deductive.

Rau txhua ntawm lawv siv nws tus kheej database, uas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm peb sib txawv le caag.

axiomatic kev tshawb xav

Tej theories yog tsim nyob rau hauv science txij thaum lub hnub ntawm antiquity. Lawv yog cov personification ntawm rigor thiab precision ntawm scientific kev txawj ntse. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hom yog ib tug zauv theory. Raws li ib qho piv txwv formatizirovannuyu xam. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau nws, txiav txim siab saib muaj kuj tau muab formal logic thiab tej ceg ntawm physics (thermodynamics, electrodynamics thiab mechanics). Ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog lub Euclidean geometry. Yuav kom nws yog feem ntau kho tsis tau tsuas yog kev txawj ntse, tab sis kuj raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm scientific rigor. Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm no zoo?

Ntawm no, feem ntau nthuav yog peb lub Cheebtsam: lub postulates (axioms), cov tso tawm kom pom tus nqi (theorem) thiab cov pov thawj (kev cai, cov lus xaus). Txij thaum ntawd los, cov kev tshawb fawb cav thiab tsim kev daws teeb meem yuav ho hloov. Ib tug tshwj xeeb fruitful nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog lub xyoo pua 20th. Ces tsim raws li ib tug tshiab mus kom ze thiab ib tug yuav tsum muaj qib ntawm kev txawj ntse (nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm ntau yam yuav tsum tau muab raws li ib qho piv txwv). Lawv tseem los tsim thiab tsim txoj cai tam sim no, tab sis kom deb li deb tsis muaj dab tsi uas yuav yog dramatically tig lub peb lub neej.

inductive kev tshawb xav

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lawv tsis nyob ua ib ke nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, vim hais tias nws tsis muab apodictic thiab txawj paub suab. Yog li, muaj ntau yam hais, yog dab tsi yog meant los ntawm cov inductive txoj kev. Yam ntxwv lawv yog feem ntau rau lub ntuj sciences. Qhov no qhov teeb meem no tau tsim vim lub fact tias qhov no yog qhov uas koj yuav pib nrog thwmsim thiab tseeb, thiab kom tas lub theoretical kwvyees.

Txawm hais tias nws pom hais tias ib tug ob peb centuries dhau los inductive theories twb nrov heev. Tab sis vim hais tias ntawm qhov luaj li cas ntawm kev siv nyiaj rau kev delights lawv muab tso rau hauv lub backburner. Tom qab tag nrho, xav txog yuav ua li cas npaj lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov muaj tseeb, yog hais tias peb tuaj rau nws cov tswv yim txoj kev! Inductive tso zis feem ntau pib los ntawm cais thiab muab piv rau cov tau thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam los yog soj cov ntaub ntawv. Yog hais tias lawv nrhiav tau ib yam dab tsi uas zoo sib xws los yog heev, ces lawv yog generalized raws li ib tug universal txoj hauj lwm.

Hypothetical-deductive kev tshawb xav

Lawv yog cov hais rau lub ntuj sciences. Lub creator ntawm no hom yog pom tias yuav Galileo Galilei. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws kuj muab cov me nyuam yaus thiab sim science. Tom qab, lawv tau siv cov ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm physicists, uas pab rau cov consolidation ntawm lub tam sim no lub koob meej. Lawv essence yog tias tus kws tshawb fawb txo nws hwj rau pem hauv ntej bold speculation, qhov tseeb uas yog tsis paub tseeb. Ces tus hypothesis siv lub deductive txoj kev corollaries yog muab tau los. Qhov no txheej txheem ntxiv kom txog rau thaum, thaum muaj yog tau xws nqe lus yog li ntawd nws muaj peev xwm yuav correlated nrog kev. Yog hais tias empirical xeem qhia nws adequacy, nws yog xaus lus hais tias tus thawj hypothesis yog tseeb.

Yuav ua li cas Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug scientific theory?

Muaj ntau ntau classifications. Kom tsis txhob tsis meej pem, peb yuav raws li ib lub hauv paus rau ib tug uas pom tias Shvyrov. Cov nram qab no Cheebtsam thereon yuav tsum:

• Initial empirical hauv paus. Muaj yog kaw li no taw tes tseeb thiab paub, uas twb tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim thiab cov kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum.
• Initial theoretical lub hauv paus. Los ntawm qhov no yog meant ib plurality cov thawj axioms postulates thiab kev xav kev cai lij choj uas collectively cia piav idealized khoom saib xyuas.
• Logic. Qhov no yog hais txog lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug lub moj khaum rau cov uas nrhiav tau thiab cov pov thawj.
• Ib co ntawm cov nqe lus. Cov no muaj xws pov thawj hais tias ua li lub ib thooj ntawm cov muaj kev txawj ntse.

kev siv cov

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev tshawb xav yog lub hauv paus rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov txheej txheem, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam kev coj. Thiab lawv yuav tsum tau ua los nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim kev, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm analytical thought. Yog li ntawd, muaj, piv txwv li, sib txawv ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm txoj cai lij choj. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib tug thiab tib yam kev kawm muaj peev xwm yuav piav nrog ib tug ua theem, thiab nws tus yam ntxwv, ntsig txog, yuav sib txawv.

Nyob rau hauv ib co chaw, nws yog amenable mus standardization, raws li evidenced los ntawm hom ntawm nyiaj txiag txoj kev xav, thiab nyob rau hauv vim cov hoob kawm qhia txog tshiab qhia. Cuaj kaum, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev cai nyob rau hauv lawv tseem attracts kiv cua thuam. Txawm tias ib co kev xav (thiab nws thiaj li cov me nyuam yaus nyob rau hauv science) tej zaum cia li yuav tsum noog ib qhov nqi ntawm kev txawj ntse. Ua ntej koj yuav tau tsim tib neeg keeb kwm kev tshawb xav ntawm Lamarck thiab Darwin, ib tug uas nws kim heev kev faib ntawm cov kab mob no twb tau soj xyuas. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov nta tau cov keeb kwm ntawm science. Raws li pom hais tias nws los ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia, tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav (uas muaj nws kev hloov kho, kev cai, kev txhim kho thiab extrapolation tshiab chaw) thaum lub sij hawm yuav tsum ncav us txog nyob rau hauv ib tug caug xyoo.

verity

Qhov tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv rau tej lub hom phiaj yog nws tswv yim kev pom zoo, uas txiav txim seb tus neeg kawm ntawv uas nws validity. Ntawm no, piv txwv li, peb muaj ib tug meej nom tswv txoj kev xav, uas hais tias nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem no koj yuav tsum ua zoo li no nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Yog hais tias tsis muaj tswv yim kom paub meej tias yog tsis muab nws cov hauj lwm zoo, cov kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv thov lus dag nrog cov neeg, muab tej txiaj ntsim uas muaj cai.

Thiab nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas muaj ib co validity nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau nws, nws yog twb tau mus kawm uas twb muaj lawm kev kawm txawj thiab coj ib tug tsim nyog kev txiav txim siab seb puas yuav ua tau los yog tsis tau siv nws. Qhov kev pab no muab txiav txim siab tsom xam kev tshawb xav. Nrog rau cov tsim txoj kev tsis pub dhau nws ua tau, siv lub scientific method los xam qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev vam meej kev siv, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug qhov chaw mus nrhiav tau "thaum gems."