Leej twg yog Zyrians: nta, lub hauv paus pib, pawg haiv neeg, thiab nthuav tseeb

Zog ntawm Guj kuj - ib tug multiethnic faj tim teb chaws, uas koom los ntawm ib tug ntau destiny thiab ib tug keeb kwm ntawm pua pua ntawm cov lus ntawm haiv neeg. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no los ua yuav luag tas mus li txheej txheem ntawm kev koom ntawm tshiab territories thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev. Ntxiv mus, lub nkag teb chaws ntawm tshiab chaw, raws li yog raug nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw yeem.

Leej twg yog Zyryanov (Komi)? Yuav luag 300000th cov neeg nyob hauv Western Siberia, Northern thiab Eastern Europe. Pawg lwm haiv tib Kev kawm ntawv yog txawv lus thiab kev lis kev cai yog leej twg, lawv tus kheej cov kev cai thiab cov kab lis kev cai. Zoo yog vim li cas lawv twb hu ua "Lavxias teb sab Americans" los yog "North neeg Yudais."

Cov haiv neeg muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab

Haiv neeg thiab kev cai ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia yog tiav los ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm thiaj li hu ua hauv paus txawm cov neeg (cov pejxeem uas nyob hauv tej qhov chaw ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb), cov neeg los ntawm nyob sib ze Union republics (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Lithuanians, thiab hais txog. D.) Thiab me me pab pawg ntawm cov haiv neeg, nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov uas nyob sab nraum ntawm Russia (Hungarians, Czechs, Nyab laj, Serbs, Axilia thiab lwm tus). Ntawm cov hoob kawm, feem ntau muaj yeeb yuj thiab pab pawg neeg loj yog cov hauv paus txawm haiv neeg.

Luv luv Zyryanov: uas yog lawv?

Yuav ua li cas yog Zyrians? Ntau precisely lawv yog leej twg? Zyryanov hu ua haiv neeg kawm ntawv, uas rau hnub no tau khaws cia ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj pes tsawg tus nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Mus txog 1917 nws yog lub teb chaws no sawv nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm cov hauv paus txawm haiv neeg ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab xeev, lawv kev kawm ntawv yog zaum ob tsuas yog rau cov neeg Yudais, thiab enterprise thiab kab lis kev cai zyryan favorably distinguished los ntawm lwm Slavic neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm rau cov pejxeem no kuj xam tau tias yog Lavxias teb sab, t. E. Lub hauv paus txawm cov neeg ntawm Russia. Nyob rau ib tug par nrog hais tias, raws li twb tau hais, zyryan hu ua tus "neeg Yudais ntawm lub North" los yog "Lavxias teb sab Americans".

Resettlement thiab tus naj npawb ntawm nationalities

Leej twg yog Zyrians, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus txiav txim lub sam xeeb, tsis xaiv lawv tus xov tooj thiab cheeb tsam ntawm kev sib hais haum. Tej yam zoo heev cuam tshuam qhov kev loj hlob ntawm haiv neeg kawm nyob rau hauv kev: ib ob peb haiv neeg maj tuag tawm, tawm hauv xwb ib nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm thiab ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw nyob yog nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov pejxeem. Tias, raws li Karla Marksa, nyob rau hauv lem, txiav txim nco qab, lub zuag qhia tag nrho kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg.

Niaj hnub no tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov zyryan zoo nrog me me haiv neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nce mus txog 400 txhiab. Txiv neej. Cov kev nyuaj siab loj tus naj npawb ntawm lawv tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tus thawj Zyrians nyob, piv txwv li. E. Nyob rau hauv Russia. Ib tug me me pab pawg neeg ntawm haiv neeg (cia li tshaj 1,500) kaw nyob rau hauv lub Ukraine.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov thawj neeg ntawm haiv neeg kev kawm ntawv, cov xov tooj ntawm zyryan nyob rau hauv sij hawm sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm nti paub. Ntseeg sau qhov chaw ntawm ancient sij hawm, ntawm chav kawm, ua tau, tab sis tseem yog paub hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lawv. Hais txog Zyryanov tib yam thiab tsis hais nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv kom txog rau thaum 1865, thaum nws tau luam tawm, "alphabetical daim ntawv teev cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman."

Leej twg yog Zyryanov (txawm ces cov neeg raug cais nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib haiv neeg) thiab dab tsi yog lawv tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv ib co thaj tsam ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua, nws hais nyob rau hauv no qhov twg los.

Raws li cov "alphabetical daim ntawv teev cov haiv neeg ..." Zyrians twb 120 txhiab. Txiv neej. Lawv nyob mas nyob rau hauv cov xeev me Arkhangelsk, Perm thiab Vologda. ). Thaj av sib haum zyryan ancient npe Arimaspeya (phau ntawv ntawm lub tib lub npe sau los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov sau ntawv ntawm ancient Greece, tab sis no cov keeb kwm qhov chaw, hmoov tsis, tsis tau dim rau peb hnub - txwv tsis pub nws yuav hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yuav qhib ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm ancient zyryan ).

Nws kim heev yav tas los Zyrians neeg tuag hnub no, txawm nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov ethnos suab tsis muaj tej meej yog kev lig kev cai uas yuav pab kom txawm peem rau tus tsis muaj keeb kwm ntaub ntawv.

Anthropology thiab noob caj noob ces ntawm tus neeg

Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sij hawm, thaum nws tau luam tawm, "alphabetical daim ntawv teev cov haiv neeg ..." nyob rau hauv lub "Brockhaus thiab Efron encyclopedic phau ntawv txhais lus" piav qhia txog cov tsos ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg: Zyrians hnub no (lub ntsiab lus kawg ntawm XIX - thaum ntxov XX century) txawv ib tug muaj zog Constitution. Lawv yog cov ntawm medium qhov siab, nrog rau feem ntau cov plaub hau dub thiab tsaus xim av, los yog txho ob lub qhov muag. Siab daj cov neeg uas muaj kob xiav qhov muag tsis tshua muaj cov Zyrians neeg.

Lawv zoo li yuav qhia tau tias zyryan (raws li tau zoo raws li niaj hnub cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub haiv neeg) txawv noj qab nyob zoo thiab muaj lub zog.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm qhov nruab nrab lub hlwb zyryan ntau lub hlwb Slavs 20-30 grams. Nws twb paub ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, lub qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - "Brockhaus thiab Efron encyclopedic phau ntawv txhais lus", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1890-1907, ntsig txog. Lub resettlement zyryan yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv, dua li nyob rau hauv lwm cov cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab North. Lawv kuj koom nyob rau hauv reindeer herding, yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses, ua liaj ua teb. "Nyob rau paub zoo thiab phem" zyryan txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Siberia thiab Far East. Nws yog lawv leej twg nqa tawm feem ntau ntawm cov lag luam tawm ntawm Siberia thiab Moscow.

Pawg lwm haiv tib keeb kwm zyryan

Raws li twb tau hais, peb lub sij hawm muaj ib tug ob peb qhov chaw uas yuav muab ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov lus teb rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem. Leej twg yog Zyrians nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lawv nyob ntawd distinguished haiv neeg kawm ntawv nyob rau ntau theem ntawm keeb kwm - peb thiaj tsuas twv, xa mus rau cov nyuag txeeb ntawm ntau yam ntawv keeb kwm qhov chaw.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias thawj Zyrians inhabited tus ntug dej ntawm lub Volga (thaum lub txuas ntawm lub Oka thiab Kama) nyob rau hauv lub thib ob xyoo pua BC. Me ntsis tom qab nws pib lub resettlement ntawm haiv neeg rau sab qaum teb, thiab nyob rau hauv IV-VIII centuries. n. e. Lawv inhabited lub teb chaws nyob qhov twg lawv xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob niaj hnub no. Tom qab ntawd Zyrians thawj hloov los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm Novgorod nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Moscow.

Los ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua mus ua kom tiav rau theem ntawm tsim ntawm haiv neeg txoj kev kawm ntawv. Pib lub State Board of Education yog tsim nyog thaum lub sij hawm lub USSR, ib tug siv yooj yim cheeb tsam ntawm Komi (Zyrian) tsim nyob rau hauv 1926. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub USSR nyob ib tug me ntsis ntau tshaj 200 txhiab. Zyrians cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg. Koom pheej zyryan undergone ob peb formal hloov nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1926 mus 1992. Rau hnub tim, ntawm Lavxias teb sab ib feem ntawm lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Komi.

Culture Komi haiv neeg

Loj muab faib rau cov zyryan txij ancient sij hawm muaj ib tug ntoo crafts. Qhov no yog hais txog painting thiab kos duab carvings uas yog ib txwm tus kab lis kev cai Zyrian (Komi). Common hom needlework feeb ntau tau mov nplaum thiab paj ntaub. Haivneeg them zoo xim rau tsoos zoo. Lus dab neeg yog lom zem ntau zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.

Komi-Zyrian lus

Niam tus nplaig haiv neeg Zyrians - Komi-Zyryan - belongs rau lub Finno-Ugric lus tsev neeg thiab yog muab faib ua ntau dialects. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg Komi-Zyrian lus hu ua cia li 1560 txhiab. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub teb chaws, uas yog kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm lub Komi-Zyrian.

Ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg kev kawm ntawv txiav txim seb tus Komi-Zyrian lus haiv neeg Ukraine (4 th. Cov neeg) thiab Kazakhstan (1.5 ths.).

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov npe ntawm cov neeg

Keeb kwm ntawm lub npe "Zyrians" yog tseem twv yuav raug hu tsis meej. Muaj ntau ntau theories txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ethnonym:

• los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab qhia txog kev ua "zyrit" los yog "Zira", uas txhais tau tias "ntev haus";
• lub feem ntau plausible version - los ntawm qhov qhia txog kev "zyrny" - "neeg coob coob tawm", piv txwv li Zyrians cia "raug ntiab tawm ntawm ib co neeg." .;
• ), т. е. “народ, опивающийся национальным напитком”; los ntawm lub ancient lub npe ntawm npias ( "Sur"), piv txwv li, "cov neeg, opivayuschiysya teb chaws haus dej" ..;
• obschepermskogo los ntawm "Sarah" - ib tug txiv neej (keeb kwm lub qhov chaw hais tias ib zaug hu ua lawv tus kheej Zyrians suryane, syryane, etc ...).

Raws li rau lub plausible kev xav txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ethnonym, nws yog tseem paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias Zyryanov hu ua ib lub teb chaws Komi thiab Finns. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus lub npe txhais tau tias "Borderlands" thiab "Perm" - "nyob lub tebchaws deb". Raws nraim Komi nyob rau hauv lub Perm cheeb tsam, pib hu Zyryanov. Niaj hnub no, zaum muab cov Komi-Zyrian thiab Komi-Perm.

Nrog lub title "Komi" qhov teeb meem no yog xav paub ntxiv kom meej. Yog pom tau hais tias yuav nyob hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos hais tias muaj ib lub npe nyob rau hauv lub Kama dej (ie, lus "txiv neej uas nyob ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Kama dej" ..) Los ntawm prapermskogo "com" - "txiv neej, tus txiv neej."

Komi los yog Zyrians: yuav ua li cas?

Kis tau tus claim hais tias Zyrians thiab Komi - qhov no yog ib tug thiab cov tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, txoj kev uas nws yog, tab sis txawm no koj yuav nrhiav tau ib co contradictions. Zyryanov - qhov no yog tsuas yog ib hom ntawm haiv neeg Komi, tseem muaj zoo xws li cov haiv neeg (Permian, piv txwv li).

Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Ancient Rus lub npe ntawm ib tug me me haiv neeg tsiv mus rau tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv Siberia. Ethnonym entrenched rau centuries thiab muaj tsis meej pem. Niaj hnub no cov keeb kwm kev ncaj ncees yuav rov qab los thiab hloov cov thawj lub npe ntawm lub npe "Komi", tab sis nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm lawv twb hu ua Zyrians.

Qhov twg cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg nyob niaj hnub no?

Niaj hnub no, tus naj npawb ntawm Komi-Zyrian nyob rau hauv Russia NW nyuam qhuav nce mus txog 200 txhiab. Txiv neej. Niaj hnub nimno Zyrians feeb nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Komi. Cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub koom pheej lawv roos 23,7% ntawm cov pejxeem (65% - Lavxias teb sab), feem ntau nyob rau hauv ntug zos cov cheeb tsam.

Tej pawg me me ntawm nationalities nyob rau hauv Murmansk, Kirov, Omsk, Arkhangelsk thiab lwm yam Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam. Close rau Zyrians haiv neeg tsim (Komi Permiaks) feeb meej nyob rau hauv Perm cheeb tsam.

Cov nab npawb ntawm cov haiv neeg yog sai koos nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tej yam kev mob. Yog hais tias lub haiv neeg kem nyob rau hauv 2002 "Komi haiv neeg" qhia 293 txhiab. Lavxias teb sab pejxeem, thaum nyob rau hauv 2010 cov coj daim duab yog 228 txhiab tus neeg. Zyryanov (Komi) yog endangered haiv neeg ntawm Russia.