Kua muaju

Kua Muaju - cov tshuaj uas yog nyob rau hauv lub mesomorphic (nruab nrab, nruab nrab) ntawm ib isotropic kua thiab khoom crystalline. Cov ntsiab yog tau ntws tsawg, yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov mob. Ua ke nrog cov manifestation ntawm cov khoom, lub kua muaju muaj anisotropic magnetic, hluav taws xob, kho qhov muag, thiab lwm yam khoom uas txuam nrog molecular ordering nyob rau hauv orientation. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tej muaj multidirectional yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm sab nraud cawv anisotropic kua muaju nyob rau hauv thermal conductivity, hluav taws xob conductivity, magnetic nyhav, thiab dielectric qhov. Cov tshuaj cim dichroism thiab birefringence.

Nyob ntawm seb tau txais daim ntawv cais lyotropic thiab thermotropic kua muaju. Muaj kuj yog kev sib cais ntawm hom nyob rau hauv xov xwm nrog cov qauv ntawm cov molecules.

Smectic Kua Muaju

Thawj nrhiav tau lawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes (chaw pib lub npe - "smegma" - xab npum). Qhov xaus ntawm lub lwg me me raws li tsau nyob rau hauv lawv cov longitudinal axes perpendicular dav hlau. Smectic kua muaju yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug layered qauv. Cov tshuaj xws li aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm soaps, ethyl ester azoksibenzoynoy.

"Smectics 'pom tau hais tias feem ntau nws kim heev hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov kua muaju. Xaiv ntau ntau yam thiab muaj ferroelectric (xub ntiag ntawm lub txawj polarization nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntau yam kub). High viscosity yog tsis tau tso cai mus nrhiav thoob plaws siv cov smectic kua muaju nyob rau hauv cov kos duab.

kinematics

Nematic kua muaju yog txawv orientation ntawm lub longitudinal molecular axes ntawm ib co kev taw qhia. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ntev-ntau orientational kev txiav txim. Lub npe siv lead ua los ntawm cov Greek txhais ntawm "ruam" - thread. Disinclinations (filaments) muaj ib tug siab muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso lub teeb, lawv yog kom meej meej pom.

Cholesteric kua muaju thiab lawv cov kev siv

Lub molecular daim ntawv ntawm tshuaj ntawm no hom yog cov txheej txheem ntawm thaum uas tig mus elongate phaj. Cholesterics muab propyl ether cholesterol holesteriltsinnamat, lwm yam roj uas txhaws taus derivatives.

Thermoindicators cholesteric kua muaju yog lug siv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob thiab kev dianostike. Lub rhiab heev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no mus rau ib tug kub tso cai visualization ntawm lub kub tis rau ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog siv nyob rau hauv qauv (soj dab nyob rau hauv lub cev, optically opaque), cov nrhiav kom tau ntawm tej yam kab mob, raws li tau zoo raws li kub sensors. Cov muaju yog tsim lub kub qauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug xim daim ntawv. Cholesterics kuj yuav hos thaum rendering lub microwave teb. Indicators siv rau zus tau tej cov dynamic teeb scattering nyhuv. Nyob rau hauv lub kua siv lead ua zaub yog siv ambient lub teeb. Qhov no yuav txo tau hwj chim noj. Yog li, lub hwj chim LCDs yog tsawg dua nyob rau hauv cov zaj duab xis thiab hmoov phosphors emitting diodes, roj paug qhia. Cholesterics siv nyob rau hauv transformation raws li nyob rau hauv lub infrared duab rau hauv ib tug pom.

Lub cholesteric kua siv lead ua (tsis zoo li nematic) Dynamic teeb scattering yuav muaj lub cim xeeb - lub xeev, lub scattering teeb yuav mob txawm tias tom qab tshem tawm ntawm lub teb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tej thaj chaw ntawm cholesteric muaj ib feem nyob rau lub caij ntawm lub xeev. Yog li, lub cim xeeb yuav raug cawm dim los ntawm ib tug ob peb feeb mus rau ob peb xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev pib (non-scattering) tau nyob rau hauv ib tug cholesteric alternating voltage. Hais tias cov khoom teejtug uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub cim xeeb hlwb.