Ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov protein ntau: tej yam tshwm sim thiab mis kab zauv

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim kom muaj lub zoo pes tsawg leeg ntawm ntau yam zaub mov siv ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub protein. Lub xub ntiag ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab amino acids nyob rau hauv lub mix yuav hloov nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo kev kuaj qauv xim.

Yuav ua li cas yog protein

Nws tseem hu ua ib tug protein, uas yog ib lub tsev khoom siv rau lub neej nyob lub cev. Cov nqaijrog muaj nqaij loj, rov qab kho cov raug mob thiab tuag cov ntaub so ntswg lug ntawm ntau yam kabmob, muab nws cov plaub hau, daim tawv nqaij thiab ligaments. Nrog lawv kev koom tes, ua ntshav liab corpuscles, yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov lag luam uas muaj ntau cov tshuaj hormones thiab tiv thaiv kab mob hlwb.

Qhov no yog ib txoj qauv uas yog ib tug polypeptide muaj ib tug loj ntau dua li 6 ~ 10 ³ daltons. Protein qauv txoj kev amino acid residues nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm coupled peptide daim ntawv cog lus.

Tus qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog

Lub yus feature ntawm cov tshuaj muab piv nrog tsawg molecular yuag peptides yog hais tias lawv tsim ib tug peb-dimensional spatial qauv, txaus siab los nrog cov zaubmov ntawm attraction. Cov nqaijrog muaj plaub-qauv. Rau txhua ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.

Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm cov thawj lub koom haum ntawm lub lwg me me muab amino acid theem zuj zus, cov qauv uas paub ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub protein. Qhov no qauv yog ib tug tseg rov qab ua dua peptide daim ntawv cog lus -HN-CH-npog yaig, ib tug xim ib feem radicals yog cov sab chains nyob rau hauv amino acids. Lawv txhais ntxiv thaj chaw ntawm lub substance raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Lub hom protein qauv yog suav tias yog muaj zog txaus, qhov no yog vim muaj cov muaj zog covalent kev sib tshuam nyob rau hauv peptide bonds. Cov tsim ntawm tom ntej ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub pas teev nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem.

Cov tsim ntawm lub qhov qauv yog tau vim sib ntswg ntawm cov amino acid ib theem zuj zus nyob rau hauv ib tug kauv, nyob rau hauv uas hydrogen bonds yog tsim ntawm lub lem.

Tertiary theem lub koom haum ntawm molecules tsim los ntawm thov ib tug ntawm ib tug kauv nyob rau lwm yam tawg tsam nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tag nrho cov tau kev sib txuas ntawm lawv, nrog hydrogen, disulfide, covalent los yog ionic compound. Cov no lub koom haum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov globules.

Lub spatial arrangement ntawm lub tertiary lug nrog lub tsim tshuaj bonds nruab nrab ntawm lawv ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm zaum kawg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov molecule los yog quaternary theem.

amino acids

Lawv ua cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm proteins. Muaj txog 20 loj amino acids ua li lub polypeptides nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv ib theem zuj zus. Qhov no kuj yog raug xa mus tsawg aminocarboxylic acid nyob rau hauv daim ntawv hydroxyproline thiab hydroxylysine muab yooj yim peptide.

Raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm paub ksantoproteinovaya protein cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, muaj cov yam amino acids muaj cov xim hloov ntawm reagents, tawm tswv yim hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tej lug nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Raws li nws muab tawm, lawv yog carboxylic acids uas tau tshwm sim muab los ntawm hydrogen atom rau cov amino pab pawg neeg.

Ib qho piv txwv qauv ntawm cov molecule yuav ua ib tug yam ntxwv mis glycine (HNH- HCH- COOH) raws li qhov nyuaj amino acid.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib tug ntawm cov hydrogens CH ₂ - tej zaum yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm ib tug carbon lawm radical muaj ib tug benzene nplhaib, amino, sulfo, carboxy.

Yuav ua li cas puas ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Rau qhov zoo tsom xam ntawm cov nqaijrog siv ntau yam kev kawm. Cov no muaj xws tshua:

• biuret nrog lub tsos ntawm violet xim;
• ninhydrin tsim tau ib cov xiav-violet tshuaj;
• formaldehyde nrog lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug liab xim;
• Nogier rau precipitate lub grey-xim dub.

Nyob rau hauv nqa tawm txhua txoj kev muaj pov thawj hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab muaj ntawm tej yam functional pawg nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv.

Muaj ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub protein. Nws tseem hu ua lub neej puas Mulder. Nws yog hais txog cov xim tshua rau cov nqaijrog, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntxhiab thiab heterocyclic amino acids.

Ib tug feature ntawm xws li ib tug qauv txheej txheem yog nitration acid nitric cyclic amino acid residues rau hauv kev lub accession ntawm lub nitro pab pawg neeg mus rau lub benzene nplhaib.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm tus txheej txheem no yog lub tsim ntawm nitro tebchaw, uas precipitated. Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim feature ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Yuav ua li cas txiav txim cov amino acid

Tsis yog txhua txhua aminocarboxylic acid yuav yuav ntes tau siv xws li ib tug qauv. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm ksantoproteinovaya protein nrhiav kom tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - cov xub ntiag ntawm lub benzene nplhaib los yog heterocyclic nplhaib nyob rau hauv lub molecule amino acids.

Vim hais tias cov protein yog cais los ntawm aminocarboxylic acids ob uas muaj ntxhiab, nyob rau hauv uas yog ib tug phenyl pab pawg neeg (rau cov phenylalanine), thiab ib tug hydroxyphenyl radical (nyob rau hauv tyrosine).

Nrog ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txiav txim heterocyclic amino acid tryptophan, indole muaj ib tug uas muaj ntxhiab nucleus. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub saum toj no tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub protein muab tus yam ntxwv hloov xim ntawm qhov kev kuaj ib puag ncig.

Yuav ua li cas siv reagents

Rau nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ksantoproteinovaya yuav tsum npaj ib tug 1% tshuaj ntawm lub qe protein, los yog zaub keeb kwm.

Feem ntau siv qe, uas yog muab faib rau ntxiv sib cais ntawm cov protein los ntawm cov yolk. Rau ib tug 1% tshuaj uas muaj protein ntau yog diluted nyob rau hauv ib tug tenfold nqi ntawm kev dawb huv dej. Tom qab xaus ntawm lub resulting protein kua yuav tsum tau lim los ntawm ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cheesecloth. Cov tshuaj no yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv ib qhov chaw txias.

Nws yog ua tau mus nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug zaub protein. Yuav kom npaj cov tshuaj no yog siv nplej hmoov nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 0,04 kg. 0,16 l ntawm kev dawb huv dej. Cov khoom xyaw tau tov nyob rau hauv ib tug hwj uas yog khi rau 24 teev nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw txias rau ntawm ib tug kub ntawm txog + 1 ° C. Thaum kawg ntawm lub hnub cov tshuaj raug do, ua raws li los ntawm pom los ntawm thawj nrog paj rwb ntaub plaub thiab ces - ib daim ntawv tais lim. Cov uas ua kua twb khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw txias. Cov tshuaj no mas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub albumin feem.

Rau nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ksantoproteinovaya raws li lub ntsiab reagent siv nitric acid Conc. Ntxiv reagents yog ib tug tov ntawm 10% sodium hydroxide los yog ammonia, lub gelatin tov thiab unconcentrated phenol.

Hauv vib this kev ntawm lub

Nyob rau hauv ib tug huv raj yog ua 1% protein tshuaj -th qe los yog hmoov nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 2 ml. Yuav kom qhov no ntxiv txog 9 dauv ntawm concentrated nitric acid rau flocculation nres. Cov uas ua sib tov twb rhuab, ua daj precipitate maj disappears thiab nws cov xim nkag mus rau hauv cov kua.

Thaum cov kua cools down nyob rau hauv lub raj raws phab ntsa ntxiv txog 9 dauv ntawm sodium hydroxide, feeb meej, uas yog tshaj rau cov txheej txheem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab yuav alkaline. Cov ntsiab lus yuav txiv kab ntxwv xim nyob rau hauv lub xeem raj.

nta ntawm

Txij li thaum ksantoproteinovaya hu ua zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau nitric acid los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov proteins, cov qauv yog ua nyob rau hauv muaj fume hood. Saib tag nrho cov kev ruaj ntseg ceev faj thaum ua hauj lwm nrog concentrated caustic tshuaj.

Tus tso tawm ntawm tus txheem ntawm lub raj zaum yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub cua sov cov txheej txheem uas yuav tsum raug xam tias yog thaum kho nyob rau hauv ib lub yas dhos thiab xaiv cov inclination.

Dialing ntawm concentrated nitric acid thiab caustic dej qab zib yuav tsum tau tsuas siv ib khob pipette thiab pears roj hmab txwv tsis pub pipette los ntawm lub qhov ncauj.

Tus kwv tij cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog phenol

Rau clarity, cov txheej txheem thiab txoj kev pom ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub phenyl pawg yog nqa tawm nrog ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv hydroxybenzene.

Lub raj ua 2 mL ntawm diluted phenol, ces maj mam raws phab ntsa, ntxiv 2 ml ntawm concentrated nitric acid. Cov tshuaj twb raug mus rau cua sov, uas tib nws ua daj. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov zoo tshaj ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub benzene nplhaib.

Txheej txheem hydroxybenzene nitrated nrog nitric acid ua raws li los ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm p-nitrophenol thiab o-nitrophenol nyob rau hauv ib tug feem pua ntawm cov 15 mus rau 35.

Piv xeem nrog gelatin

Ua pov thawj tias ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov protein ntau qhia ib qho amino acid nrog uas muaj ntxhiab qauv, siv cov nqaijrog uas tsis muaj ib tug phenolic pab pawg neeg.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug huv raj yog ua 1% gelatin daws nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 2 ml. Yuav kom qhov no ntxiv txog 9 dauv ntawm concentrated nitric acid. Cov uas ua sib tov yog rhuab. Cov tshuaj tsis yog dawb lias nyob rau hauv daj, uas proves tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov amino acids nrog rau ib qho uas muaj ntxhiab qauv. Tej zaum kuj muaj yog ib tug me ntsis daj puag ncig vim muaj cov protein impurities.

tshuaj sib npaug

Nyob rau hauv ob kauj ruam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sau ksantoproteinovaya proteins. Formula thawj theem nitration txheej txheem piav amino acid molecules siv concentrated nitric acid.

Ib qho piv txwv yog lub Symptoms ntawm lub nitro pab pawg neeg mus rau lub tyrosine tsim nitrotyrosine thiab dinitrotirozina. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv lub benzene nplhaib nrog ib tug tsis muaj ₂ -radical, thiab lub thib ob compound muaj ob hydrogen atoms yog hloov los ntawm TSIS MUAJ _2. Tshuaj mis ksantoproteinovaya tyrosine cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sawv cev los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog nitric acid tsim nitrotyrosine molecule.

Nitration txheej txheem yog nrog los ntawm txoj kev hloov tsis muaj kob coloring nyob rau hauv daj laus. Nyob rau hauv nqa tawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov nqaijrog uas muaj cov amino acid seem phenylalanine los yog tryptophan, thiab xim ntawm cov tshuaj hloov.

Cov kauj ruam thib ob yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm nitration ntawm tyrosine molecules, tshwj xeeb yog nitrotyrosine, nrog ammonium los yog sodium hydroxide. Cov no ib tug sodium los yog ammonium ntsev nyob rau hauv uas lub daj-txiv kab ntxwv xim. Xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muaj feem xyuam rau tau nitrotyrosine molecules tsiv mus nyob rau lub quinoid daim ntawv. Tom qab ntsev tsim therefrom nitronic acid, uas muaj ib tug quinone system ntawm conjugated ob bonds.

Yog li xaus ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau proteins. Cov kab zauv hais saum toj no ob kauj ruam.

tau

Thaum lub sij hawm lub tsom xam ntawm kua muaj nyob rau hauv lub peb leeg, cov siv tshuaj yog diluted nrog phenol. Tshuaj nrog ib tug benzene nplhaib muab qhov zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv uas nitric acid. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws hloov xim ntawm cov tshuaj.

Raws li yog lub npe hu, gelatin comprises ib hydrolyzed daim ntawv ntawm collagen. Lub protein tsis muaj uas muaj ntxhiab qauv ntawm cov amino acids. Tsis muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm qhov nruab nrab los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug acid.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb xeem raj muaj yog ib tug zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov nqaijrog ksantoproteinovaya. Xaus yuav kos raws li nram no: tag nrho cov nqaijrog nrog uas muaj ntxhiab qauv, seb nws yog ib tug phenyl pab pawg neeg los yog ib tug indole nplhaib, muab qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov no yog vim tus tsim ntawm nitro tebchaw nrog ib tug daj xim.

Nqa tawm ib cov xim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv proves xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam tshuaj lug nyob rau hauv amino acids thiab proteins. QAUV gelatin qhia tau hais tias nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li aminocarboxylic acid tsis muaj ib tug phenyl pab pawg neeg los yog ib tug cyclic qauv.

Nrog ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tau piav los ntawm daj ntawm daim tawv nqaij thaum ua ntawv thov mus rau nws ib tug muaj zog nitric acid. Cov tib xim yuav ua frothy mis nyuj thaum lub sij hawm nws zoo xws li cov tsom xam.

Nyob rau hauv soj ntsuam kuaj xyaum no xim qauv yog tsis siv rau cov nrhiav kom tau cov protein nyob hauv cov zis. Qhov no yog vim lub daj xim ntawm cov zis nws tus kheej.

Ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ua nce siv rau quantification ntawm amino acids xws li tryptophan thiab tyrosine, raws li ib feem ntawm ntau yam proteins.