Kev style: nta. Kwm nta ntawm scientific style

Kev style nta ntawm uas yog qhov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb rau linguists, yog ib tug txheej ntawm kev hais lus, kev siv tsuas yog nyob rau scientific, technical, scientific thiab nrov teb rau cov kev qhia thiab tua ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab lo lus uas peb lub tswv yim, hypotheses, achievements.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm scientific phau ntawv

Kev text - qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim, los yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb kev ua ub no, uas yog tsim rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg uas cov kev txawj ntse rau nws cov xaav thiab kev ntsuam xyuas. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua rau nws raws li tuav li sai tau, tus sau muaj mus rau chaw uasi rau kev siv ntawm formal lus, tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias thiab txoj kev ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Feem ntau cov feem ntau scientific text - nws yog luam tawm los yog npaj rau cov ntawv luam ua hauj lwm. Yuav kom cov ntawv nyeem ntawm ib tug scientific lub hom phiaj thiab yog qhia tshwj xeeb uas npaj cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov ncauj kev nthuav qhia, piv txwv li, lub tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau lub rooj sib tham los yog kev kawm lus qhuab qhia.

Cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm scientific style - nruab nrab laus, lub hom phiaj mus kom ze thiab tuav, Structured ntawv nyeem, cov nyob rau ntawm tej terminology thiab lus pab, coj cov zaum rau ib zajlus kom thiab txaus nthuav qhia.

Hom ntawm scientific style

Lub loj heev ntawm daim ntawv sau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ua hauj lwm ntawm kev style txiav txim seb tus validity, tshuav nyiaj li cas, clarity ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus thiab tsim.

Sib cais ntawm scientific phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub hom thiab hom piav, thawj, los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom piav los ntawm heev heev disciplines, cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb zaum, lub peev xwm tuaj saib cov miv nyuas. Muaj yog ib tug yooj yim specification ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, uas faib cov ntawv rau kev thiab technical, scientific, humanitarian, scientific thiab tej yam ntuj tso. Yuav qhia thiab tej sublanguage uas muaj nyob hauv txhua lub sciences - algebra, botany, political science, etc.

M. P. Senkevich cob ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev tshawb style nyob rau hauv lub degree ntawm "scientific" ntawm cov khoom muag kawg thiab tau pom cov nram qab no:

1. nruj me ntsis scientific style (aka - Academic) raug rau loj ua hauj lwm rau siab ua ib tug nqaim vajvoog ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb thiab muaj cov kev tshawb fawb tswvyim sau - monographs, cov khoom, scientific ntaub ntawv.

2. Daim ntawv qhia ntawm generalization los yog scientific cuab yeej cuab tam muaj theem nrab ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv (abstracts, annotations) - lawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific los yog tuav scientific refereed style.

3. Ib tug cais scientific thiab advertising kev lag luam advertising cheeb tsam yog qhia tau thiab cov kev pab ntawm tej khoom - tshiab kev kho nyob rau hauv technology, electronics, Science News for KIDS, pharmacology, thiab lwm yam liaj teb ntawm thov science.

4. kev tshawb fawb thiab cov phau ntawv reference (txoj kev, collections, dictionaries, Wage) yog npaj los muab ib tug tsis tshua meej, tseeb, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus, cia li mus qhia tus nyeem ntawv lub ntsiab lus tseeb.

5. Ib tug tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov rau kev kawm thiab scientific ntaub ntawv, yog muab teev tseg rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm science thiab ntxiv didactic tivthaiv rau cov piv txwv hais thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau repetition (kev kawm ntawv rau ntau yam kev kawm hauv tsev).

6. Nrov science ntawv yog cov ntawv sau txog ntawm tib neeg nto moo, keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm ntau yam tshwm sim, ib tug chronicle ntawm cov txheej xwm thiab discoveries, thiab yog muaj rau ib tug ntau ntawm cov uas xav paub, ua tsaug rau cov duab, piv txwv, kev piav qhia.

Properties scientific ntawv nyeem

Phau ntawv tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific style, yog ib tug qauv kaw system.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev style - ua raws li ntawm cov zajlus lus, kev siv cov txheej txheem koj lem thiab kab zauv, kev siv ntawm possibilities ntawm "nraaj" cim thiab qauv ntawm kev hais lus, kev siv cov neeg ua tim khawv thiab cov ntawv hauv qab. Piv txwv li, feem ntau txais nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos yog clichés: peb yuav tsom rau cov teeb meem ... nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ... tau thaum lub sij hawm cov kev tshawb fawb coj mus rau nram qab no cov lus xaus ..., npaj mus rau lub tsom xam ntawm ..., etc.

Yuav kom kis scientific ntaub ntawv khoom siv feem ntau 'dag' hais lus - Graphic: 1) graphics, kos duab, blocks, cov nuj nqis, drawings; 2) Cov qauv thiab cov cim; 3) Txoj lus thiab lexical nta ntawm scientific stilya- piv txwv li, lub npe ntawm lub cev ntau, zauv cim, thiab lwm yam

Referential apparatus (hauv qab, ua tim khawv, hauv qab) Cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau yog cov sawv cev ntawm cov raug teeb meem thiab hais lus yog qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug zoo scientific kev sau ntawv, cov neeg ntawm quotations thiab verifiable qhov chaw.

Yog li ntawd, kev style, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov zajlus lus, yog cov neeg, clarity thiab conciseness nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tswv yim. Rau ib scientific daim ntawv yog cov yam ntxwv monologue daim ntawv no, lub narrative logic qhia tawm li qhia siv kuj, cov lus xaus tsim ua tiav thiab kev nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab lus.

Semantic qauv ntawm scientific ntawv nyeem

Txhua phau ntawv nws muaj nws tus kheej kev style ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm logic, ib co tiav daim ntawv no, tsim nyog structuring kev cai. Feem ntau, tus kws tshawb fawb adheres rau cov nram no tswvyim:

• ib cov kev taw qhia txog qhov teeb meem, ua neeg ncajncees ntawm nws qhov tseeb, originality;
• qhov qee ntawm txoj kev tshawb no kawm (nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, tus kwv);
• lub hom phiaj-chaw, kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm tsis tau zoo tej yam hom phiaj;
• kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm scientific ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev cuam tshuam rau kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, ib tug piav qhia ntawm lub theoretical thiab methodological moj khaum rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm; terminology ntawm ua neeg ncajncees;
• theoretical thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua hauj lwm;
• cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm;
• piav qhia ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej, yog hais tias nws yog muaj nyob rau;
• tau ntawm kev tshawb fawb, Structured cov lus xaus rau ntawm nws lub tau.

Language nta: Vocabulary

Distracted laus thiab generalized daim ntawv lexical nta ntawm scientific style:

1. Kev siv cov lo lus nyob rau hauv lawv qhov tseem ceeb, loj heev lus paub daws teeb tus nqi (volume, permeability, kuj, teeb meem stagnation derivation, muaj chaw, thiab lwm yam).

2. Cov lus ntawm txhua hnub khoom noj nyob rau hauv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm scientific ua hauj lwm terminological los yog generalized nqi. Qhov no siv tau, piv txwv li, kev cov nqe lus: clutch kauj, etc. raj.

3. Cov yooj yim lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntawv nyeem dais cov nqe lus, tab sis lawv cov kev faib ua feem yog tsis tau tib yam nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm cov khoom. Cov nqe lus yog nkag tau rau hauv kev tej tswv yim, tseeb thiab cov zajlus kom txhais uas - ib tug tsim nyog mob rau ib tug kws sau ntawv (ethnogenesis, noob sine yoj).

4. Rau cov hauj lwm ntawm ib tug scientific style yog yus muaj los ntawm abbreviations thiab slozhnosokraschennye lus: publishing tsev, GOST, Gosplan, lab, kev tshawb fawb institutes.

Kwm nta ntawm scientific style, tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov lo lus, haumxeeb orientation yog: generalized paub daws teeb xwm ntawm cov khoom, lub hom phiaj kev xav thiab cov lus xaus ntawm tus sau, cov neeg ntawm tej ntaub ntawv hais.

Language nta: Morphology

Morphological nta ntawm scientific style:

1. Nyob rau lub grammatical theem siv tej yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lo lus thiab cov nqe lus, thiab kev tsim kho ntawm ib lub tswv yim los tsim ib qho abstraction ntawm scientific ntawv nyeem: sau ntawv tias ... nws nkawd hais tias ..., etc.

2. verbs nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm scientific ntawv tau lub ntsiab lus timeless, generalized. Ntxiv mus advantageously siv ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tam sim no thiab yav tag los lub sij hawm. Lawv alternation tsis muab tej yam "pictorial" los yog lub zog ntawm lub narrative, on qhov tsis tooj - lawv taw tes rau tus qauv piav phenomenon: tus sau sau ntawv, points ...; Nws muaj txhawb rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev daws teeb meem, thiab lwm yam

3. Cov predominant verbs imperfect daim ntawv (kwv yees li 80%) yog tseem txuas mus rau lub scientific ntawv nyeem generalized nqi. Nyob rau hauv ruaj khov speeds siv perfective verbs: saib ...; qhia ua piv txwv thiab lwm yam Siv raws li indefinite-tus kheej thiab ua saib tsis taus ntaub ntawv nrog ib tug kov txib los yog yuav tsum: tus yam ntxwv raug xa mus rau ...; yuav tsum tau ...; peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog ...

4. Nyob rau hauv lub passive siv tus nqi ntawm reflexive verbs: yuav tsum tau muaj pov thawj ...; ... piav nyob rau hauv kom meej; Xam tias yog teeb meem thiab lwm cov neeg. Tej qhia txog kev ua ntaub ntawv ua rau nws tau mus tsom rau qhov kev piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem, cov qauv ntawm cov mechanism. Cov nqi ntawm cov luv luv passive participles: D EFINITIONS muab ...; tus nqi yuav comprehended etc.

5. Cov kev hais lus kuj siv luv luv adjectives xws li: tus cwj pwm yog raug.

6. Ib tug raug feature ntawm scientific hais lus yog qhov chaw peb, yog siv es tsis txhob ntawm kuv. Cov txheej txheem no ua xws sijhawm li sau phau ntawv lub npog lub cev, lub hom phiaj, generality: Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, peb tuaj rau lub xaus ... (es tsis txhob ntawm: Kuv tau tuaj mus rau lub xaus ...).

Language nta: syntax

Kwm nta ntawm scientific style nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm syntax kev twb kev txuas kuaj kev hais lus nrog ib lub txoj kev xav ntawm tus paub txog: tsim, siv no, yog nruab nrab thiab vernacular. Feem ntau cov raug yog tus txais tos syntactic compression, compression yog nqa tawm thaum tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thaum ua nws cov ntaub ntawv ntsiab lus thiab kev nkag siab ntawm fullness. Qhov no yog ua li cas siv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev tsim kho ntawm cov nqe lus thiab kab ntawv.

Syntactic nta ntawm scientific style:

1. Kev siv cov attributive nqe lus "noun + noun nyob rau hauv lub genitive cov ntaub ntawv": cov metabolism, lub liquidity ntawm lub txiaj unit rau cov dismantling, etc.

2. Cov ntsiab lus txhais qhia chaw, siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm: unconditioned reflex, cov khoom cim, thiab lwm yam keeb kwm los xyuas.

3. Cov kev style (txhais cov ntsiab lus, nqe lus, cov lus xaus) yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug puas nominal predicate nrog ib tus, feem ntau yog nrog nws txo qis qhia txog kev ua ligament: Xaav - yog ib tug yooj yim kev txawj ntse txheej txheem ...; Hloov los ntawm standard implementations ntawm cov lus - ib qho ntawm feem striking nta ntawm tus me nyuam txoj kev hais lus. Lwm ntau "mis predicate" yog ib tug compound nrog ib tug luv luv nominal predicate tej txhais me me: yuav siv tau.

4. adverbs li muaj tshwm sim ua rau zoo cov yam ntxwv los yog thaj chaw ntawm lub soj ntsuam phenomenon: tseem ceeb, interesting, puav, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshiab; tag nrho cov no thiab lwm yam txheej xwm yog zoo sau tseg nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm cov phau ntawv ....

5. Lub syntactic qauv ntawm cov kab lus hais tawm conceptual cov ntsiab lus, yog li tus txheej txheem rau kev kawm ntawv sau ntawv yog complets lees ib narrative yam uas union kev twb kev txuas ntawm nws qhov chaw, nruab nrab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm style lexical cov ntsiab lus thiab normative kev txiav txim ntawm lus: Kuv yuav tsum hais tias zoopsychologists ntev, nyuaj thiab unsuccessfully sim qhia lub siab heev tshaj plaws humanoid (liab) lub suab lus. Ntawm cov complex kab lus qauv yog yeej los ntawm ib tug subordinate ib: nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub kev txawj ntse thiab cov lus tseem ceeb rau intermediate tham system, uas yog hu ua tus haumxeeb hauv paus ntawm kev hais lus.

6. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm interrogative kab lus - los ua kom lwm tus stated khoom, qhia kev xav thiab hypotheses: Tej zaum tus liab yog muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm kos npe rau hom lus?

7. Yuav kom deb, txhob txwm tshaj tawm tsis zoo li neeg khiav ntaub ntawv yog dav siv rau ntau hom ntawm tsis zoo li neeg lo lus: rau cov xwm txheej sib npaug zos lwm yam xws li kev ua khub (. Intimate tham, chatter, thiab lwm yam) ... yog li txog lub siab xav mus yuav lub hom phiaj txoj moo zoo, ua yeeb yam rau sawv cev ntawm ib tug generalized scientific lub zej zog .

8. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kos causal kev sib raug zoo ntawm tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv scientific lus siv lawv txoj kev ua ke nrog coordinative thiab subordinating union kev twb kev txuas. Feem ntau muaj cov nyuab conjunctions: vim lub fact tias, txawm lub fact tias, vim lub fact tias, vim hais tias, whereas, whereas, thaum, thiab lwm yam Thoob plaws txoj kab lus nrog. Adventitious izjasnitelnyh, attributive, ua rau, tej yam kev mob, lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav.

txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntawv nyeem

Kev style nta ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv cov kev siv ntawm cov lus pab, cia siab tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntxawg cov lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm logic.

Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib zajlus kom qhia lawv cov kev xav, tus kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau siv lub morphological nta ntawm scientific style thiab syntactical possibilities rau txuas tus neeg qhov chaw ntawm nws daim ntawv. Qhov hom phiaj yog tau txais kev pab los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm syntactic Siv, complex ua ke nrog rau cov ntau hom "lo lus-clips", qhia meej txog kev koom tes, hais lus tej txhais me me nqe lus teev thiab lwm tus neeg.

Ntawm no yog cov ntsiab sawv daws yuav:

• kev sib piv ntawm tej phenomena (raws li ... raws li ...);
• kev siv cov txuas ua ke uas muaj cov lus qhia ntxiv txog lub hais nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb;
• hais lus tej txhais me me nqe lus kuj muaj ntxiv scientific ntaub ntawv;
• introductory lus thiab cov nqe lus, cuav Siv yog siv rau cov kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov semantic units nyob rau hauv ib zaug xwb kab lus, thiab pawg lus yov;
• "Lo lus-clips" (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev, li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub meantime, nyob rau hauv xaus, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, raws li peb tau pom) yog siv los tsim kom muaj ib zajlus kom kev twb kev txuas ntawm qhov sib txawv qhov chaw ntawm cov ntawv nyeem;
• niaj hnub zoo li ntawm cov kab lus tsim nyog rau cov kev hloov ntawm qhov tawm qhov tseeb zoo xws li cov tswv yim;
• nquag siv stereotyped qauv, taub hau thiab conciseness syntactic qauv.

Yog li ntawd, kev style, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev sib txuas lus uas peb tau kawm - ib tug heev ruaj khov system, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj hloov. Nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub kim heev lub sij hawm rau kev ua hauj lwm system, tswj hwm los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm kev ntawv pab "kom qhov zoo."

Cov lus thiab style ntawm qhov nrov science ntawv nyeem

Kev nthuav qhia los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub scientific thiab nrov ntaub ntawv nyob ze rau qhov nruab nrab, obscheliteraturnogo li nyeem ntawv muaj ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas xaiv tseeb, interesting yam, tawg tsam ntawm keeb kwm reconstructions. Daim ntawv ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm tej ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj kev yoojyim mus rau cov uas tsis-tshwj xeeb, yog li ntawd, cov kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom, lub system ntawm cov pov thawj thiab cov piv txwv, lub sijhawm ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov lus thiab style ntawm tej hauj lwm hais txog cov kev thiab nrov ntaub ntawv, txawv los ntawm lub sij scientific cov ntawv nyeem.

Yuav kom pom tau cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov nrov science style nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lub scientific, koj muaj peev xwm siv lub rooj:

scientific style	Kev-nrov style
Tus sau thiab tus nyeem ntawv - yog Attendance paub txog qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kev qhia.	Tus sau ua raws li ib tug kws nyeem ntawv - raws li ib tug "sau".
Lub abundance ntawm lub tuam scientific lus thiab terminology yog feem ntau complex formulations thiab proofs.	Cov nqe lus piav yoojyim rau tus nyeem ntawv lub hom lus, lub ntsiab tau tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus.
Nruab nrab style.	Tam sim no hais lus qhia.

Kev-nrov style muaj ntau yam ntawm cov nyiaj teej tug mus rau lub teb chaws hais lus, tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm originality nws muab haumxeeb yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm cov nyiaj no, cov tseem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub scientific ua hauj lwm

Yog li, cov yam ntxwv ntawm scientific style yog cov kev lexical thiab grammatical txhais tau tias, syntactic mis los ntawm cov uas cov ntawv nyeem yuav "qhuav" thiab yog, to taub rau ib tug nqaim vajvoog ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb. Kev-nrov style yog tsim los ua kom zaj dab neeg txog tej yam scientific phenomenon siv tau rau ib tug dav vajvoog ntawm cov txawj nyeem ntawv los yog mloog ( "yooj yim mus rau lub complex"), yog li ntawd nws kaw nyob rau hauv rau cov neeg kawm ntawv raug mus rau lub tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab thiab journalistic style.