Kev sau ntawv siv los ntawm Sumerians. Cuneiform: keeb kwm, nta

Sumerian cuneiform - ib feem lub me me legacy uas tau sab laug tom qab no ancient civilization. Hmoov tsis, feem ntau ntawm cov vaj tse monuments raug poob. Muaj tseem tsuas av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj nrog cov cim inscriptions uas cov Sumerians tau sau - cuneiform. Tau ntev, nws tseem tsis tau paub tsis meej, tab sis ua tsaug rau cov dag zog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tib neeg tam sim no muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog dab tsi hauv Mesopotamian kev vam meej.

Cov Sumerians: lawv yog leej twg

Sumerian civilization (txhais ua lus "blackheads") - yog ib qho ntawm thawj heev uas sawv hauv peb ntiaj chaw. Lub hauv paus keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov mob teeb meem: kws tshawb fawb tseem yog sib cav. Qhov no tshwm sim yog txawm muab lub npe "Sumerian lo lus nug". Kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv archaeological tau tsawg ua nrog, yog li ntawd lub ntsiab qhov ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog thaj tsam ntawm kev kawm lus. Cov Sumerians, nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau zoo tshaj plaws tshwj xeeb, pib kawm los ntawm qhov pom ntawm hom lus kev sib raug zoo.

Kwv yees li 5000 xyoo BC nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm lub Tigris thiab Euphrates nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Mesopotamia nyob sib haum tom qab loj hlob mus rau hauv ib tug haib civilization. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm archaeologists qhia tias qhov kev npaj tsim zoo npaum li cas hauv kev npaj nyiaj txiag yog cov Sumerians. Cuneiform nyob rau hauv ntau cov av nplaum ntses qhia txog qhov no.

Excavations hauv ancient nroog ntawm Sumer Uruk ua nws tau kos ib qho unambiguous xaus tias lub Sumerian lub zos tau sufficiently urbanized: muaj cov kawm ntawm artisans, traders, managers. Sab nraum lub zos cov neeg yug yaj thiab neeg pluag.

Cov lus ntawm Sumerians

Sumerian lus yog ib qho kev tshwm sim zoo nkauj heev. Feem ntau, nws tuaj rau Mesopotamia yav qab teb los ntawm Is Nrias teb. Rau 1-2 txhiab xyoo cov pej xeem hais rau nws, txawm li cas los sai sai nws tau hloov los ntawm Akkadian.

Cov Sumerians tseem pheej siv lawv hom lus nyob rau hauv kev ua ub no, nws ua haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm, raug qhia hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Cov Sumerians sau lawv cov lus li cas hauv tsab ntawv li cas? Cuneiform tau siv rau lub hom phiaj no.

Hmoov tsis, phonetic qauv ntawm Sumerian lus tsis tau rov qab, vim hais tias nws belongs rau cov hom thaum lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus muaj nyob hauv ntau lub koom txoos koom lub hauv paus.

Evolution ntawm cuneiform

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov cuneiform ntawm Sumerians coincides nrog pib ntawm kev ua lag luam. Nws yog vim muaj qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tau sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm lossis kev lag luam. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias Sumerian cuneiform yog suav tias yog thawj tsab ntawv uas tau tshwm sim, uas tau muab lub hauv paus rau lwm cov kev sau ntawv hauv Mesopotamia.

Thaum xub thawj, cov qauv tseem ceeb raug kho, thaum lawv nyob deb ntawm kev sau ntawv. Ib qho nqi tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov cim tshwj xeeb av nplaum - tokens. Ib token yog ib yam khoom.

Nrog rau txoj kev tswj kev lag luam nws ua tsis zoo, yog li ntawm txhua daim duab pib ua tshwj xeeb. Cov tokens tau muab cia rau hauv ib lub thawv tshwj xeeb, uas tus tswv lub foob tau xwm txheej. Hmoov tsis, suav cov npe, peb tau ua txhaum lub vault, ces khi dua. Rau kev yooj yim, tom ntej ntawm lub foob, lawv pib mus saib cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov ntsiab lus, thiab tom qab cov nuj nqis ntawm lub cev tsis zoo rau nws - muaj qee qhov kev pom zoo tseg. Yog li ntawd thawj cov av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj tshwm. Dab tsi yog xwm ntawm lawv tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li pictograms: kev xaiv ntawm cov nuj nqis thiab cov khoom.

Tom qab ntawd, cov pictograms tau pib muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab cim cov cim. Piv txwv, ib tug noog thiab qe sawv cev ntawm tus nab npawb tau qhia tias twb tau yug lawm. Xws li ib tsab ntawv yog qhov kev sim xav (kev cim-cim).

Cov theem tom ntej yog lub phonetic tsim ntawm pictograms thiab ideograms. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias txhua daim paib yuav tsum tau sib txuas mus rau ib lub suab tsim, tsis yog hais txog qhov khoom tau xwm txheej. Stylistics tseem hloov, nws yooj yim zog (li - peb mam piav qhia tom qab). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cim nthuav tawm rau kev yoojyim, ua rau cov kev taw qhia ua ntej.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cuneiform tau muab siab loj los ua tiav cov lus ntawm cov lus, uas yog lub zog heev.

Cuneiform: cov hauv paus ntsiab lus

Dab tsi yog daim ntawv qhia cuneiform? Paradoxically, cov Sumerians tsis nyeem: txoj cai ntawm kev sau ntawv tsis zoo li qub. Sau ntawv nyeem lawv pom, vim hais tias nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm ideographic sau ntawv.

Lub inscription tau cuam tshuam ntau txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov khoom uas tus av nplaum sau. Vim li cas nws? Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab uas Mesopotamia - lub cheeb tsam, qhov chaw uas yuav luag tsis muaj ntoo, haum rau ua (nco ntsoov Slavic birch ntoo thiab papyrus ntawm cov Iyi, ua los ntawm cov soj caum ntawm xyoob), yog tsis muaj, thiab pob zeb. Tab sis av nplaum nyob hauv dej nyab ntawm dej ntau, yog li ntawd nws yog dav siv los ntawm cov Sumerians.

Tshaj ntawv rau kev sau ntawv yog ib qho av nplaum ncuav mog qab zib, nws muaj cov duab ntawm lub voj voog lossis duab. Tau siv cov cim qhia ntawm tus pas tshwj xeeb, hu ua kapam. Nws tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv, piv txwv li, pob txha. Qhov ntxeev ntawm lub capa yog voos. Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv yog poob rau txoj hlua khoob mus rau hauv cov av nplaum thiab tawm hauv ib qho qauv. Thaum lub kapama raug rho tawm ntawm cov av nplaum, lub tsho tshaj sab ntawm daim duab peb sab sab nraud txoj kev zoo li lub npoo nthe, ces lub npe yog "cuneiform". Yuav kom txuag tau dab tsi yog sau, lub phaj raug hlawv nyob rau hauv qhov cub.

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub syllabary

Raws li nws tau sau los saum no, ua ntej kev sau ntawv hauv cuneiform tshwm sim, cov Sumerians tau sib txawv ntawm hom qauv - cov duab thaij duab, ces kev xav. Tom qab cov cim tau simplified, piv txwv li, es tsis txhob tag nrho cov noog, tsuas yog lub paw raug xwm txheej. Tau, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim qhia siv yog maj zuj zus - lawv txawj ua ntau dua, pib tsis yog tib lub tswv yim xwb, tab sis cov duab abstract - rau qhov no nws yog qhov txaus qhia rau ntau lub tswv yim ntawm nws. Yog li, "lwm lub teb chaws" thiab "poj niam" sawv sab ntawm txhais hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm "qhev". Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim qhia tau meej meej los ntawm lub ntsiab lus teb. Qhov kev qhia no yog hu ua logography.

Txawm li ntawd los, nws tsis yooj yim rau kev pom cov tswv yim ntawm av nplaum, dhau sij hawm, txhua tus tau hloov los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib tsoo. Qhov no tau thev tus txheej txheem sau ntawv ntxiv, uas yog siv kev sib txig sib luag rau tej lub suab. Yog li, ib tus qauv pib tsim, uas tau ntev ntev txaus.

Decoding thiab lub ntsiab lus rau lwm hom lus

Qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv npo yog cim los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv qhov essence ntawm Sumerian cuneiforms. Grotefend ua tau zoo heev ntawm qhov no. Txawm li cas los xij, lub thawv uas tau pom los ntawm Behistun tau ua kom tau ntau daim ntawv. Cov ntawv uas nyob hauv lub pob zeb muaj cov qauv piv txwv txog cov lus Persian, Elamian thiab Akkadian. Rawlins tau kho cov ntawv nyeem.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov cuneiform ntawm cov Sumerians cuam tshuam txog kev sau ntawv ntawm lwm lub teb chaws Mesopotamia. Propagating, kev coj noj coj ua nrog nws yog ib hom lus thiab syllabic hom ntawv uas lwm tus neeg tau txais. Kev nkag rau ntawm Sumerian cuneiforms rau hauv Elamite, Hurritic, Hittite thiab Urartian cov ntawv tseem ceeb heev.