Kev Rutherford scattering ntawm alpha hais (luv luv)

Ernest Rutherford - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm qhov siv tej lus qhia ntawm lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov atom. Nws yug los paub txog nyob rau hauv ces, nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb los ntawm Scotland. Rutherford yog tus thib plaub tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv nws tsev neeg, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj pov thawj yuav tsum muaj cov feem ntau feemxyuam. Qhov tshwj xeeb pab nws yuav ua rau lub hom phiaj ntawm atomic qauv.

Initial tswv yim hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov atom

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ua ntej tau tuav Rutherford tus naas ej thwmsim rau lub scattering ntawm alpha hais, hom nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom yog tus qauv ntawm Thompson. Qhov no paub txog yog ntseeg hais tias qhov zoo xwb yog uniformly nyob rau tag nrho cov ntim ntawm lub atom. Cov tsis zoo them electrons, Thompson xav tias, twb liam splashes rau hauv nws.

Yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau lub scientific kiv puag ncig

Tom qab tawm hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, Rutherford ua tus tshaj feemxyuam me nyuam kawm ntawv tau txais ib qhov nyiaj pab ntawm £ 50 rau ntxiv txoj kev kawm. Vim hais tias ntawm no nws twb tau mus kawm ntawv qib siab nyob rau hauv New Zealand. Tom ntej no, ib tug hluas kawm xeem nyob rau University of Canterbury thiab pib tiag mus kawm physics thiab Science News for KIDS. Nyob rau hauv 1891, Rutherford ua nws thawj daim ntawv qhia txog lub npe "Cov Evolution ntawm lub ntsiab." Nws twb xaiv ib lub tswv yim rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm uas lub atom yog ib tug complex qauv.

Ces yeej los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm Dalton uas atoms yog indivisible nyob rau hauv scientific voj voog. Cov nyob ib ncig ntawm Rutherford, nws lub tswv yim mag heev insane. Hluas paub txog lossi tau mus thov txim rau npoj yaig rau lawv "os." Tab sis 12 xyoo tom qab ntawd, Rutherford tseem muaj kev tswj los ua pov thawj lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Rutherford muaj ib lub caij nyoog mus ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau Cavendish Kuaj nyob rau hauv ces, qhov uas nws tau pib kawm cov txheej txheem ntawm huab cua ionization. Tus thawj foundations ntawm Rutherford yog cov alpha thiab beta rays.

muaj kev Rutherford

Luv luv txog cov lus qhib yuav qhia li: nyob rau hauv 1912, Rutherford thiab nws pab tau nws nto moo sim - alpha hais tawm txim liab ntawm qhov chaw cov hlau lead. Tag nrho cov hais tsuas yog cov neeg uas nyob absorbed lead, tsiv raws ib taag channel. Lawv nqaim kwj teeb meem rau ib tug nyias txheej ntawm ntawv ci. Qhov no kab yog perpendicular mus rau lub daim ntawv. Kev Rutherford scattering ntawm alpha hais muaj pov thawj hais tias cov neeg hais uas kis tau los ntawm ib daim ntawv ntawm ntawv ci los ntawm, hu li ntawd scintillation tshwm sim los ntawm qhov screen.

Qhov no screen twb loj nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb khoom uas glows thaum ntaus los ntawm ib tug alpha particle. Qhov chaw ntawm lub txheej ntawm kub ci thiab lub screen tau sau vacuo rau alpha hais yog tawg nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv tau tso cai soj ntsuam ntawm soj ntsuam cov hais tawg ri niab los ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 150 °.

Yog hais tias tus ntawv ci yog tsis siv raws li ib qho chaw khuam rau ib tug beam ntawm alpha hais, lub screen tsim ib tug kaj vajvoog ntawm scintillations. Tab sis cia li ua ntej lawv muab tso rau ib tug teeb meem beam ntawm kub ci, daim duab tau hloov. Mas nyob tsis tau tsuas yog nyob sab nraum ntawm no lub vajvoog, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub rov qab sab ntawm tus ntawv ci. Kev Rutherford scattering ntawm alpha hais pom tias feem ntau ntawm cov hais dhau los ntawm tus ntawv ci tsis hnov hloov nyob rau hauv trajectory.

Txawm li cas los, ib co hais yog deflected los ntawm ib tug ncaj loj lub, thiab txawm pov rov qab. Nyob rau txhua 10 000 dawb do dua los ntawm ib tug txheej ntawm kub hais tsuas yog ib qho ntawv ci lo los ntawm lub kaum sab xis siab tshaj 10 ° - raws li ib qho kev zam nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm tus hais deflected ntawm lub kaum sab xis.

Yog vim li cas cov alpha hais deviated

Yuav ua li cas kom meej xam tau tias yog thiab qhov tseeb khiav cov ntaub ntawv Rutherford - qauv ntawm cov atom. Tej txoj hauj lwm qhia tias lub atom tsis yog ib tug tas mus li kawm ntawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov hais dawb do kis tau los ntawm cov ntawv ci ntawm ib tug atom tuab. Thiab txij li thaum lub loj ntawm alpha hais yuav luag 8000 lub sij hawm loj tshaj qhov loj ntawm lub electron, lub tom kawg yuav tsis muaj ib tug tseem ceeb ntxim rau cov trajectory ntawm alpha hais. Qhov no yuav ua tau tsuas yog ib tug atomic nucleus - ib lub cev ntawm cov me me luaj li cas, muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov loj thiab tag nrho cov hluav taws xob them nyiaj ntawm cov atom. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nws yog ib tug tseem ceeb txhob British physicist. Rutherford txoj kev yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov kauj ruam nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm lub puab qauv ntawm cov atom.

Lwm yam discoveries tau thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm txog cov atom

Cov kev tshawb fawb los ua ncaj ua pov thawj tias qhov zoo them nyiaj ntawm cov atom yog nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb. Qhov no cheeb tsam occupies ib tug heev me me qhov chaw piv rau qhov loj ntawm txoj kev ntseeg. Qhov no me me volume scattering alpha hais nyob heev tsis zoo li. Cov lus hais uas dhau nyob ze ntawm lub atomic nucleus, soj ntsuam kuaj ntse hloov los ntawm txoj kev, vim hais tias cov qias neeg quab yuam ntawm cov alpha particle thiab atomic nucleus heev hwj chim. Rutherford lub thwmsim rau lub scattering ntawm alpha hais tsom qhov yuav hais tias cov alpha particle tau txais ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub noob pob kws. Txawm li cas los, qhov yuav ua yog heev me me, tab sis tsis pes tsawg.

Nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub fact tias ib tug pov thawj khiav cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Rutherford. Luv luv kawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom thiab nws cov npoj yaig, leej twg ua rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam tseem ceeb discoveries. Dhau li qhia hais tias alpha hais yog fast-tsiv Helium nuclei.

Tus kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm los mus piav qhia cov qauv ntawm cov atom, nyob rau hauv uas lub nucleus occupies ib tug me me ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov ntim. Nws thwmsim tau muaj pov thawj hais tias zoo rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm qhov cov atom yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim ob leeg qhov hloov tus nqi ntawm alpha-hais thiab cov neeg ntawm lawv cov kev sib tsoo nrog ib tug nucleus.

Sim kawm Rutherford lub nuclear qauv ntawm lub atom

Nyob rau hauv 1911, Rutherford tom qab heev heev cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias ib tug qauv ntawm atomic qauv, uas nws hu ua ib tug planetary. Raws li cov qauv no, nws yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv lub atom tub ntxhais uas muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov loj ntawm lub particle. Electrons txav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li cov planets nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub. Ntawm lawv set ib tug thiaj li hu ua electron huab. Atom kuj muaj ib tug nruab nrab xwb, raws li qhov kev paub ntawm Rutherford.

Tus qauv ntawm ib tug atom nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm kev txhawj xeeb Zaum npe Niels Bohr. Nws yog nws leej twg ua neeg dawb huv lub Rutherford lus qhuab qhia, vim hais tias kom txog rau thaum Bohr planetary qauv ntawm lub atom pib raug kev nyuaj siab piav. Raws li cov electron tsiv nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb nyob rau hauv ib tug kab nyob saum ntuj nrog ib tug tej acceleration, ua ntej los yog tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum poob mus rau lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom. Txawm li cas los, Niels Bohr muaj peev xwm los ua pov thawj hais tias cov kev cai ntawm classical mechanics yog tsis active nyob rau hauv lub atom.