Keeb kwm ntawm foundations ntawm cov vitamins thiab lawv txoj kev kawm

Nws tau tshaj ib puas xyoo txij li thaum, raws li vitamins muaj nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ze li ntawm txhua leej txhua tus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw. Txawm li cas los, ob peb cov neeg paub hais tias ib tug tag nrho ntawm 13 ob peb ua ke ntawm tshuaj muaj xws li. Lwm tus pom tau hais tias yuav lawv tsuas zoo sib thooj. Qhov ntau txaus ntshai rau lub cev coj los ua ke vitamin? Yuav ua li cas yog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov vitamins thiab lawv tseem ceeb?

Yuav ua li cas yog vitamins?

Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog vitamins? Qhov twg originates keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov vitamins? Yog vim li cas lawv yuav tsum tau rau ib tug tag nrho lub neej-them nyiaj yug?

Tsis zoo li carbohydrates, amino acids thiab polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins yog tsis muaj zog muaj nuj nqis rau lub cev, txawm li cas los, ua rau kom lub normalization ntawm metabolism. Txoj kev tau txais lawv mus rau hauv lub cev yog noj mov, tshuaj thiab sunbathing. Lawv yuav siv los neutralize lub tsis txaus los yog tsis muaj kev pab tau cov zaub mov. Lawv lub ntsiab zog yog: kolifermentam kev pab, kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm metabolism, tiv thaiv cov emergence ntawm tsis ruaj tsis khov radicals.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations ntawm cov vitamins tau pom hais tias cov tshuaj yog cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, lawv yuav tsis tau ua los ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv txoj cai kom muaj nuj nqis.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov vitamins

Txhua vitamin yog tshwj xeeb, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom nrhiav tau ib daim tuaj hloov. Txhua yam yog piav ib qho ntawm cov nta uas yog tshwj xeeb rau ib tug nyias noj lub tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus lub cev kev ib shortage ntawm cov vitamin, muaj cuab txim: vitamin tsis muaj peev xwm, metabolic mob, tus kab mob.

Yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb kom raug, varied thiab nplua nuj kev noj haus, xws li nyob rau hauv koj noj cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv ib tug txhua txhua hnub yam tsawg kawg ib yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov khoom enriched nrog pab ib txoj lw ntsiab.

Piv txwv li, cov vitamins, teej tug mus rau cov pab pawg neeg B, muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tseeb hauj lwm ntawm lub paj hlwb, txhawb kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub cev, pab tau lub cev nyob rau hauv ib tug raws sijhawm los hloov thiab hloov lub hlwb.

Tab sis tsis txhob ntshai, yog tias koj pom tias koj cov zaub mov no yog tag nrho ntawm cov vitamins yog tsis txaus. Feem ntau cov niaj hnub neeg muaj kev lawv nyiaj tsawg. Yuav ua li rau hauv txoj cai tshuav nyiaj li cas yog tsis tsuas mus rau noj, tab sis kuj yuav thov complex vitamins.

Yuav ua li cas cov neeg tuaj mus rau cov vitamins

Xav txog tej yam, ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, muaj coob tus neeg tsis txawm paub txog xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li vitamins. Lawv tsis txhob cia li raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj as-ham, tab sis kuj tiag mob thiab feem ntau tuag. Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus foundations ntawm cov vitamins? Luv luv sim los qhia txog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kws kho mob, lawv cov tswvyim thiab discoveries nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no.

Feem ntau cov kab mob "dovitaminnyh" sij hawm yog:

• "Beriberi" - ib tug kab mob uas cuam tshuam cov neeg nyob rau South-East, South Asia, nyob qhov twg lub ntsiab fais fab qhov chaw tau raug polished, kev mov.
• Scurvy - ib tug kab mob thov lub neej ntawm txhiab ntawm sailors.
• Rickets, uas yav tas los raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tsis tsuas yog cov menyuam tiam sis kuj cov neeg laus.

Cov neeg tuag los ntawm kev tag nrho cov tsev neeg, cov ships tsis tuaj rov qab los ntawm ua luam dej vim hais tias ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm tag nrho cov neeg coob cov tswv cuab.

Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus kom txog rau thaum 1880. Kom txog thaum uas lub sij hawm raws li N. I. Lunin tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias muaj ntau cov khoom noj muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg ib yam khoom tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg. Ntxiv mus, cov tshuaj yog indispensable.

Scurvy - ib tug kab mob ntawm ancient sailors

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations ntawm cov vitamins muaj ntau cov lus tseeb qhia tsis tau ntawm lab ntawm cov nyiaj. Ua ntawm txoj kev tuag yog scurvy. Thaum tus kab mob no yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txaus ntshai thiab tuag tau. Tsis muaj ib tug txawm yuav tsis xav hais tias lub culprit - tsis ncaj ncees lawm kev noj haus thiab tsis muaj kev vitamin C.

Raws li historians heev, scurvy tsuas yog rau lub sij hawm ntawm thaj discoveries thov tshaj ib lab seafarers. Ib tug raug txwv li yuav tsum tau hu ua ib tug ntoj ke mus kawm Is Nrias teb, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm Vasco de Gama: feem ntau ntawm cov neeg muaj mob thiab tuag los ntawm cov 160 neeg coob cov tswv cuab.

J. ua noj yog thawj traveler, uas xa rov qab mus rau lub qub ib feem ntawm pab neeg no hais tias khiav tawm ntawm qhov marina. Yog vim li cas cov neeg coob neeg yeej tsis raug mus rau lub hmoo ntawm ntau cov neeg? J. noj tau ua rau lawv txhua txhua hnub awd ntawm sauerkraut. Nws ua raws li cov piv txwv ntawm Dzheymsa Linda.

Pib nrog lub 1795 khoom ntawm zaub keeb kwm, txiv qaub, txiv kab ntxwv thiab lwm yam citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo (qhov chaw ntawm vitamin C), tau ua ib tug yuav tsum tivthaiv ntawm "zaub mov pob tawb" ntawm sailors.

Los ntawm qhov tseeb tuaj empirically

Ob peb cov neeg paub tias dab tsi ntawm daim card yuav ib tug keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov vitamins. Luv luv peb yuav hais no: sim mus nrhiav ib txoj kev rau txoj kev cawm seej, kws tshawb fawb, cov kws kho mob experimented rau tib neeg beings. Zoo siab ib: lawv txawm txaus, tab sis tsis siab zoo nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm niaj hnub morality thiab ethics.

Sim kawm rau tib neeg beings los ua nto moo nyob rau hauv 1747 ib tug Scottish tus kws kho mob George. Lind.

Tab sis qhov no nws tsis tuaj ntawm lawv tus kheej accord. Nws twb yuam tshwm sim: nyob rau lub nkoj nyob rau hauv uas nws tau txais kev pab, ib phaum mob ntawm scurvy. Sim mus nrhiav ib txoj kev tawm ntawm no qhov teeb meem, Lind xaiv ob teb muaj mob sailors, faib lawv mus rau hauv ob peb pawg. Kev kho mob twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm no division. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg ua ke nrog txoj kev cai uas noj mov noj ntoo, thib ob - seawater peb - vinegar, plaub - citrus. Lub xeem pab pawg neeg - lub tsuas yog ib qho uas ciaj tawm ntawm tag nrho cov 20 cov neeg.

Txawm li cas los, tib neeg sacrifices twb tsis nyob rau hauv vain. Vim luam tawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej (cov treatise "Cov kev kho mob ntawm scurvy") muaj lawm proven rau neutralize cov nqi ntawm citrus scurvy.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub sij hawm

Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov vitamins qhia luv luv txog lub hauv paus pib ntawm lub sij hawm "Vitamin".

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias progenitor yog C. Funk, nws tib leeg xwb vitamin B1 nyob rau hauv crystalline daim ntawv. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog nws leej twg muab nws lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj vitamine.

Tom ntej no baton hloov nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm "vitamin" tau noj lub tswvyim ntawm D. Drummond, xav tias nws yog tsis tsim nyog hu mus rau tag nrho cov micronutrients lo lus uas muaj tsab ntawv "e". Piav qhia nws los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm lawv muaj amine acid.

Raws nraim vitamayny mas yuav kis tau npaj lub npe "vitamin" rau peb. Nws muaj ob Latin lo lus: "Vita" thiab "Amen". Tus thawj txhais tau tias "lub neej", thiab lub thib ob muaj xws li lub npe ntawm tus amino pab pawg neeg ntawm nitrogenous tebchaw.

Lub qhov pab lo lus "vitamin" twb muaj xwb nyob rau hauv 1912. Cia, nws txhais tau tias "ib yam khoom uas yuav tsum tau rau lub neej."

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations ntawm cov vitamins: Qhov chaw

Nikolai Lunin los ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj neeg yuav tau xav txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tshuaj muab los ntawm cov zaub mov. Qhov scientific lub zej lub zos ntawm lub sij hawm lub hypothesis ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab kws kho mob tau muab ib tug hostile txais tos, nws twb tsis npaum li cas tiag.

Txawm li cas los, qhov tseeb ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug tej yam zoo ntawm mineral tebchaw thawj sab los ntawm cov tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li Lunin. Tus foundations ntawm cov vitamins thiab lawv indispensability lwm yam nws pom tias empirically (thaum vitamins tsis tau hnav lawv cov niaj hnub lub npe). Lub sim nas twb. Ib txhia noj cov zaub mov uas muaj tej yam ntuj tso mis nyuj, thiab lwm leej lwm tus - ua los ntawm cov khoom cua (mis nyuj cov khoom xyaw: roj, piam thaj, ntsev, casein). Tsiaj txhu teej tug mus rau lub thib ob pab pawg neeg, mam li nco dheev poob mob thiab tuag.

Raws li cov ntawm no lub NI Lunin xaus lus hais tias "... nyob rau hauv cov mis nyuj, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus casein, rog, lactose thiab ntsev muaj tseem lwm yam tseem ceeb txog kev noj haus."

Lub npe tsa biochemist University of Tartu, xav kos Sosina. Nws ua thwmsim thiab tuaj rau ib tug tib yam xaus rau Nikolai Ivanovich.

Tom qab Lunin kev tshawb xav reflected, kev pom zoo thiab kev loj hlob ntxiv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm txawv teb chaws thiab domestic kev kawm ntawv.

Disclosure of yog vim li cas tus kab mob "beriberi"

Ntxiv keeb kwm ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov vitamins mus ntxiv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Japanese tus kws kho mob Takaki. Nyob rau hauv 1884, nws hais txog tus kab mob plaguing Japanese cov neeg "beriberi." Lub hauv paus pib ntawm tus kab mob tau pom ntau lub xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1897, Irish tus kws kho mob Christiaan Eijkman xaus lus tias, polishing mov, cov neeg tsis pub lawv tus kheej ntawm yuav tsum tau as-ham, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub sab sauv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm tsis kho nplej.

Tom qab ib tug ntev 40 xyoo (nyob rau hauv 1936) nws tau tsim thiamine tsis txaus uas ua rau "beriberi." Dhau li ntawd, yog dab tsi "Thiamin" zaum kuj tsis tuaj sai li sai tau. Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov vitamins B pib nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub mov nplej, "Amen lub neej" (los yog lwm yam vitamayn vitamine). Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1911-1912. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1920 mus 1934, zaum tau deduced nws tshuaj mis thiab hu ua "Aneirin".

Qhib ntawm cov vitamins A, H

Yog hais tias peb xav txog ib lub npe xws li keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov vitamins, koj yuav pom tias txoj kev tshawb tau qeeb tab sis khov kho.

Piv txwv li, vitamin tsis muaj peev xwm thiab yog li ntawd kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej tsuas yog los ntawm lub 19th caug xyoo. Stepp (Stepp) qhia motivator txoj kev loj hlob, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov rog. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1909. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1913, Mac thiab Dennis Koller singled tawm "tau A", xyoo tom qab ntawd (1916) nws tau renamed lub "vitamin A".

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Vitamin H twb pib nyob rau hauv 1901, thaum Uilders qhia ib yam khoom uas yeej txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov poov xab. Nws muaj rau muab nws lub npe ntawm cov "BIOS". Nyob rau hauv 1927 nws tau xaiv ovidin hu ua "Qhov zoo tshaj yuav X", los yog "vitamin H". Qhov no vitamin cheeb qhov uas cov kev txiav txim ntawm ib yam khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib co cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv 1935, lub biotin twb crystallized los ntawm nkaub qe Skittles (Kegl).

Vitamins C thiab E

Tom qab xyaum rau Linda sailors xyoo tsis muaj ib tug xav li cas txog yog vim li cas yog vim li cas ib tug neeg muaj mob nrog scurvy. Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsos ntawm cov vitamins, tab sis, theej lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm lawv lub luag hauj lwm tau tsim ntxiv xwb nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th caug xyoo. VV Pashutin pom tias sailors kab mob no tshwm sim vim tsis muaj tej yam khoom noj khoom haus tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv 1912, vim nyob rau guinea npua zaub mov yaam puab paub, Holst thiab Frolich kawm tau hais tias txwv tsis pub cov tsos ntawm scurvy tshuaj uas tom qab 7 xyoo los ua lub npe hu ua vitamin C. Lub xyoo 1928 cim yug me nyuam ntawm nws tshuaj mis, qhov tshwm sim yog tsim ascorbic acid.

Vitamin E lub luag hauj lwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb pib kawm qhov tseeb. Txawm tias nws plays ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev me nyuam txheej txheem. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no fact pib xwb nyob rau hauv xyoo 1922, experimentally pom tias thaum cov khoom noj ntawm cov kev sim nas tau cais rog, ces tus embryo tuag nyob rau hauv lub tsev menyuam. Qhov no discovery ua Evans. Tus thawj lub npe hu tshuaj teej tug mus rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm vitamin E yog ekstraktsinirovany ntawm butter taum qe. Cov tshuaj tau muaj npe alpha thiab beta tocopherol, qhov no tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1936. Ob xyoos tom qab, Carrer tuav nws biosynthesis.

Qhov qhib ntawm lub B vitamins

Nyob rau hauv 1913 yog pib ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm riboflavin thiab nicotinic acid. Nws yog xyoo no cim los ntawm cov lus qhib ntawm Osborne thiab Mendel, uas muaj pov thawj hais tias cov mis nyuj muaj ib yam khoom uas yeej txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj. Nyob rau hauv 1938 Cov mis ntawm lub substance, raws li nyob rau hauv uas nws tau ua synthesis twb ntes tau. Yog li ntawd nws twb tshwm sim thiab tsim lactochrome tam sim no Riboflavin, kuj hu ua vitamin B2.

Nicotinic acid twb cais Funk mov nplej. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no nws thiab nres. Antipellagrichesky tsuas tau, tom qab hu ua nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) twb qhib nyob rau hauv 1926.

Vitamin B9 twb cais raws li ib feem ntawm lub spinach yoojyim nyob rau hauv lub 30s thiab Mitchell Snell. Lub ob ntiaj teb rog slowed down lub foundations ntawm cov vitamins. Luv luv kawm ntxiv txog vitamin B9 (folic acid) yuav yus li sai tsim. Tam sim ntawd tom qab tsov rog (nyob rau hauv 1945), nws synthesis twb nqa tawm. Qhov no tshwm sim tom qab kev rho tawm los ntawm cov poov xab thiab siab pteroylglutamic acid.

Nyob rau hauv 1933 nws tau deciphered lub tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Thiab nyob rau hauv 1935 cov lus xaus tau refuted los ntawm Goldberg rau cov ua pellagra nyob rau hauv nas. Nws hloov tawm hais tias tus kab mob no tshwm sim los ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj pirodoksin, los yog vitamin B6.

Qhov tseeb vitamin xaiv los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg B yog ib tug cobalamin, los yog vitamin B12. Extraction antianemic tau ntawm daim siab tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv 1948.

Mus sib hais thiab yuam kev: lub foundations ntawm vitamin D

Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm vitamin D twb cim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm pre-uas twb muaj lawm scientific discoveries. Elmer Makkolum twb sim hais nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej sau txog vitamin A. Sim refute cov lus xaus mus txog los ntawm cov kws kho tsiaj Edward Mellanby, nws ua ib tug xyaum ua tej yam rau cov dev. Nrog rickets tsiaj nws muab ntses roj, los ntawm uas nws tau deleted vitamin A. Nws tsis tuaj kawm ntawv tsis muaj feem xyuam rau cov rov qab los ntawm cov tsiaj - lawv tseem kho tau zoo.

Vitamin D yuav tau tsis tsuas yog los ntawm cov zaub mov, tab sis kuj ua tsaug rau lub hnub lub rays. Nws muaj pov thawj AF Hess nyob rau hauv 1923.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, thaum pib ntawm lub dag kawm calciferol fatty khoom noj. Ultraviolet irradiation yog xyaum nyob rau hauv lub US niaj hnub no.

Tus nqi ntawm Kazimira Funka nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no vitamins

Ua raws li cov kev qhia tawm ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb uas tabkaum tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob "beriberi", ua raws li los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov vitamins. Tsis kawg luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no ua si los ntawm Casimir Funk. Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov vitamins hais tias nws tsim kev npaj muaj ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm dej-soluble tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj, tiam sis zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm nitrogen nyob rau ntawd.

Vim Funk pom lub teeb ntawm ib tug scientific lub sij hawm raws beriberi. Nws tsuas tsis coj nws los, thiab pom txoj kev los mus kov yeej nws, thiab lus ceeb toom. Nws tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias vitamins yog ib feem ntawm ib co enzymes, uas muaj txhawb rau yooj yim lawv haum. Funk yog cov thawj los tsim ib tug system zoo, noj zaub mov, specifying lub hnub yuav tsum tau muaj qhov tseem ceeb cov vitamins.

Casimir Funk tsim ib co tshuaj analogues ntawm cov vitamins muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso khoom. Tab sis tam sim no lub craze ntawm cov neeg no analogues scares. Tshaj yav dhau los ib nrab xyoo pua tau nce tus naj npawb ntawm cancer, kev tsis haum tshuaj, kab thiab lwm yam kab mob. Tej zaum yog vim li cas rau lub ceev ceev kis ntawm cov kab mob pom nyob rau hauv cov kev siv ntawm cov khoom cua vitamins.