Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich: biography, tsev neeg

Lub neej yav tom ntej revolutionary Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich yug nyob rau lub kaum ib hlis 22, 1893 nyob rau hauv lub zos me me ntawm Cabana, uas lub xeev ntawm Kiev. Ntaub ntawv hais txog nws txiv tov. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era, nws twb qhia tias Kaganovich tuaj los ntawm ib tug neeg txom nyem tsev neeg. Txawm li cas los, niaj hnub biographers nco ntsoov ncauj no version ntawm cov lus tim khawv ntawm cov neeg uas paub Laxalau tus me nyuam. Yog li ntawd, ib txhia ntawm lawv hu ua Moses Kaganovich Prasol - buyer-up nyuj nrog loj nyiaj tau.

thaum ntxov xyoo

Leej twg yog leej txiv, tsis yog tus tub ua raws li nyob rau hauv nws footsteps. Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich raws li ib tug me nyuam pib lug tau sai dlua cov kev txawj ntawm tus shoemaker. Nrog 14 xyoo nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv khau factories. Kaganovich yog ib tug neeg Yudais, uas yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Yudais cov pejxeem yuam nyiaj mus dhau lub daj ntawm hais sib haum thiab sib txawv ntawm kev tsis phim. Vim li no, muaj cov neeg Yudais mus rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig.

Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim yog tsis muaj exception. Txawm li cas los, nws tog yog ib tug txawv txawv kev xaiv rau ib tug Jew. Thaum cov neeg Yudais cov pejxeem en masse mus koom lub Anarchists, Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries thiab Bundists. Laxalau ua raws li nyob rau hauv lub footsteps ntawm nws tus tij laug, Michael, thiab nyob rau hauv 1911 nws tuaj koom lub Bolsheviks.

hluas Bolshevik

tus tub hluas lub neej los ua ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm ib tug revolutionary ib puag ncig. Nws twb yeej muaj puas tau raug ntes rau luv luv sij hawm, thiab lub Bolshevik tsis tu ncua hloov lawv qhov chaw nyob: .., Kiev, Ekaterinoslav, Melitopol, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm cov zos Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich tsim tog voj voog thiab cov tsev koom nyiaj ntawm shoemakers thiab tanners. Nyob rau lub tswv yim ntawm lub kiv puag ncig nws hais nyob rau hauv Yuzovka. Ua hauj lwm thiab campaigning ntawm ib lub zos khau Hoobkas, Kaganovich tau ntsib ib tug hluas Nikitoy Hruschevym. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lawv khaws cia nyob hauv kov ntau lub xyoo ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tog.

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig Kaganovich mus rau Petrograd, qhov uas nws tau raug xaiv los mus rau lub Constituent los ua ke los ntawm cov Bolsheviks daim ntawv teev. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws tau tsim tsa lub agitational kev ua ub no, xws li nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsim Red Army. Thaum tsov rog tsoo tawm, ib tug yeej muaj tseeb tus neeg ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv pib mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej: nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh thiab Central Asia.

Nyob rau hauv Turkestan Kaganovich nws los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub zos RCP (b) thiab nkag mus hauv lub Revolutionary tub rog Council ntawm lub Turkestan Pem hauv ntej. Tog functionary raug tsa chairman ntawm lub nroog council ntawm Tashkent. Nyob rau tib lub Kaganovich tau raug xaiv los mus rau lub Central Executive Committee ntawm lub RSFSR. Rushing rau lub nomenklatura ntaiv yau tug tswv cuab ntawm lub tog yuav tsis nyob twj ywm tsis muaj xim uas Stalin, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub post ntawm neeg lub Commissar rau haiv neeg.

Stalin lub henchman

Nyob rau hauv Lenin hluas Kaganovich nws los ua ib tug staunch supporter ntawm Stalin, txhawb nws nyob rau hauv lub puab-tog tawm tsam. Cov teeb meem ntawm lub Bolsheviks cov thawj coj tsoo tawm tam sim ntawd tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws unchallenged thawj coj nyob rau hauv 1924. Stalin, npaj rau confrontation nrog Trotsky thiab lwm yam unpleasant nws Politburo neeg, pib tsa nws tus kheej henchmen. Koba yog ib tug thawj tswj cov kev pab, raws li secretary ntawm lub Central Committee nws yuav nominate nws tus txiv neej tseem ceeb tog posts.

Kuv tau pom nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim thiab Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich. Tsev Neeg thiab cov hluas functionary tau nruj nreem ua txhua yam nrog Ukraine - nws yog muaj raws li lub General Secretary ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub zos pom zoo kom nws mus Stalin. Thaum tsis muaj dictatorship tau muaj. Cuaj kaum, lub hwj chim ntawm lub collective tsis tawm tsam lub tswv yim, thiab cov neeg sab nrauv txais ib qho tseem ceeb lub sij hawm.

Nyob rau hauv Ukraine

Thaum nyob rau hauv Ukraine, Lazar Kaganovich pib mus nrhiav ib txoj cai tawm tsam "Ukrainization" - .. Txhawb lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai, lub tsev kawm ntawv, hais lus, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm tshiab Bolshevik tau txais ib tug ntau ntawm kev kho vajtse tw, cov uas yog tus Chairman ntawm lub Republican Council ntawm neeg lub Commissars Vlas Chubar thiab Commissar of Education Alexander Shumsky . Nyob rau hauv 1928, lawv tau txais lawv txoj kev, thiab Stalin, Kaganovich recalled rau Moscow. Thaum lub sij hawm nws nyob rau hauv chaw ua hauj lwm kev secretary ntawm lub Communist Party (Bolsheviks) ntawm Ukraine tau los ua ib co rov qab tom qab lub Civil War.

Phau Ntawv Qhia collectivization

Rov qab mus rau lub capital Kaganovich, Stalin tshuav nws nyob rau hauv nws tus khub ntawm cov neeg ua thiab koomhaum tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Moscow Committee ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, Lazar yeej ib lub rooj nyob rau hauv lub Politburo. Cov Central Committee, nws tau los ua lub luag hauj lwm rau ua liaj ua teb. Cia li nyob rau ntawm lub lub lem ntawm lub 20s thiab 30s. peasants tau nyiaj dhau los dispossession. Kaganovich saib xyuas cov creation ntawm collective teb. Qhov no yog dab tsi ib tug loyal supporter ntawm Stalin thiab cov thawj ua lub luag hauj lwm rau ib tug complex xeev phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv lub zos.

Rau pab mus rau lub collectivization ntawm Kaganovich, ib tug ntawm cov thawj yuav tau txais cov tshiab khiv tsim Order ntawm Lenin. Stalin, ib zaug dua ntxias ntawm nws ncaj ncees, tau ua nws protégé Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm lub Commission, ua ib tug loj purge nyob rau hauv lub tog ntawm 1933-1934. Thaum lub sij hawm no Kaganovich tseem nyob rau hauv Moscow "nyob rau hauv them nyiaj" thaum tus thawj coj sab laug rau lub caij ntuj sov hnub caiv nyob rau Dub hiav txwv.

Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg Commissariat ntawm Railways

Tuaj lub thawj tsib xyoo Plan. Cov nyiaj txiag haiv neeg tau pom ib tug siv thiab Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich. Biography functionary yuav tsis tiav yam tsis muaj mention ntawm nws ua hauj lwm ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg Commissariat ntawm Railways. Taw mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1935, nws poob nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Committee ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv. Apparatus permutation twb hais raws li nce. Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm Stalin, Kaganovich zog haum rau hauv nws tus kheej system, tsis pub dhau uas nws tsis tau feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm nws protégé ntau dhau lawm posts thiab lub hwj chim.

Thaum Lazar nyob rau hauv tus neeg Commissariat ntawm Railways tau kev zoo dua tsheb ntau ntau, thiaj li tseem ceeb rau lub ces yuam Modernization. Peb ua tshiab paths thiab tshiab qub (ib co ntawm lawv kuj nyob rau hauv ib tug thov txim xeev vim lub neej ntev thiab kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub Civil War).

Moscow tsev

Rau nws cov kev vam meej Kaganovich twb muab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Labor Banner. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1936 - 1955 xyoo. nws lub npe coj qhws Moscow Metro (tom qab tau txais lub npe ntawm Lenin). Nws yog tus neeg Commissar ntawm Railways saib xyuas qhov kev siv ntawm "underground" nyob rau hauv lub capital. Nyob rau hauv nws tswj yog nqa tawm thiab lub reconstruction ntawm Moscow. Lub nroog tau txais ib tug tshiab duab ntawm lub capital ntawm cov proletarian lub xeev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntau lub koom txoos lawv pov tseg. Neeg lub Commissar ntawm cov tawg nyob rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 30 Kaganovich tib taws zog thiab economic departments (hnyav roj thiab roj industries). Cov neeg Commissars (tsoom fwv) los ua deputy tus tswj ntawm lub Bolshevik comrade Molotov.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm kev tsuj

Nyob rau hauv 1937 Stalin launched ib tug loj tshiab phiaj los nqis tes ntawm purges nyob rau hauv lub tog thiab Red Army. Kaganovich, raws li nws yuav tsum, nrog rau tag nrho nws lub dag lub zog txhawb cov thawj teg num. Nws tsa cov kev tsuj tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej neeg lub Commissariat ntawm Railways, tab sis kuj muaj mus saib rau kab thiab cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg nyob rau tag nrho cov tiers ntawm lub Soviet zej zog.

Kaganovich - ib tug nyob ze associate ntawm Stalin, mus saib tau rau hauv daim ntawv, uas raug tua nrog rau kev pom zoo ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv coj noj coj ua. Lub Kremlin archives ntawm dozens ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau kos npe los ntawm tus neeg Commissar. Raws li historians suav tsuas yog cov txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv teev 19,000 tus neeg. Lwm yam xws li Stalin twb Molotov, Voroshilov thiab Yozhov (tom qab txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv). Kaganovich coj purges thiab nyob rau hauv av. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, nws cov kwv tij nyob rau hauv 1937 nyob rau hauv ib co thaj tsam ntawm lub USSR (nyob rau hauv Vol. H. Yaroslavl, Ivanovo thiab cov Kiev cheeb tsam). Tog functionary yog muab kev koom tes thiab rau cov muaj npe phem Katyn tua neeg pov tseg - tus tua ntawm yuav Polish tub ceev xwm.

Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog

Thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, Kaganovich (raws li neeg lub Commissar ntawm Railways) yog lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov kev khiav tawm ntawm cov lag luam nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov loj tshaj nra twb muab tso rau hauv railways, uas yog feem ntau coped nrog lawv ua hauj lwm. Soviet kev lag luam yog muaj peev xwm mus sai sai kho ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub rear thiab pib txhua tus tsim nyog cov khoom siv rau pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv 1942, tus neeg Commissar muaj nyob rau hauv lub tub rog Council ntawm lub North Caucasian Pem hauv ntej. Tab sis feem ntau nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab nyob rau hauv sab qab teb mus xyuas los txog. Ib zaug nyob rau Tuapse, qhov twg hais kom ua post thaum lub sij hawm lub bombing nws tau raug mob los ntawm shrapnel nyob rau hauv lub caj npab. Thaum lub hauv pem hauv ntej Kaganovich nws caum nws ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tub rog lub tsev hais plaub thiab cov tub rog prosecutors.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov tsov rog Stalin pib muaj xws li cov State Committee ntawm kws muaj txuj ci ntawm cov mej zeej tshiab. Cov lawv yog Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich. Phau ntawv historians hais tias nws tsis ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv T-mob thiab yog kev lom zem ntau nominal thiab kev daim duab.

tsis muaj hwj chim

Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm Stalin, Kaganovich txuas ntxiv mus nyob rau sab saum toj tsoom fwv posts. Raws li "handyman", nws twb muab tso rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm cov Ministry ntawm siv cov kev faib ntaub ntawv lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, Lazar rov qab mus rau lub Politburo ntawm lub CC CP (b) ntawm Ukraine.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Stalin , Kaganovich coj ib tug tsausmuag tog tawm tsam. Thaum xub thawj nws txhawb lub tshem tawm ntawm Beria. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1957 nws ua ke nrog Molotov thiab Malenkov twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub tshiab "anti-tog pab pawg neeg" thiab tshem tawm los ntawm tag nrho nws cov posts. Nws yog noteworthy uas Kaganovich, Khrushchev paub los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig thiab tom tej taw tes txawm contributed rau nws nce mus rau lub zoo ibyam ntawm lub Stalinist nomenklatura.

Yav tas los neeg lub Commissar xa mus rau saib xyuas exile nyob rau hauv Asbestos, qhov twg nws nyob rau cov neeg sab nrauv ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv 1961, nws raug thaum kawg raug ntiab tawm los ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv thiab xa mus rau lub Kalinin. Kaganovich laus siv nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm - nws daim duab yeej tsis nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv qab ntug. Twb thaum lub sij hawm lub restructuring ua ntej nws yuav mus txog lub neeg sau xov xwm kaw qhov puas ntawm ib yam ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws-qeb duas Soviet ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Stalin era. Yav tas los Commissar tuag Lub Xya hli ntuj 25, 1991 nyob rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm 97 xyoo.

tsev neeg

Zoo li tag nrho cov approximate Stalin, Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich, uas nws tus kheej lub neej yog fused nrog cov kev pab cuam, kuv tau ntsib ntau tshaj li ib tsev neeg ua yeeb yam. Nws tus tij laug, Michael, thawj tuaj koom lub Bolshevik tog, yog tus neeg Commissar ntawm Aviation Kev lag luam ntawm lub USSR. Nyob rau hauv 1940 nws tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm thiab muab ib tug ceeb toom. Michael, paub txog tias tsis ntev tej zaum yuav ua ib tug tsim txom los ntawm cov NKVD, muaj siab yus tua yus. Ob tug lwm cov kwv tij Kaganovich luckier. Ixayees ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub mis nyuj thiab nqaij industries, thiab cov neeg Ixayees rau cov neeg Commissariat ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Trade.

Kaganovich tus poj niam Maria Privorotsky tuaj koom lub RSDLP nyob rau hauv 1909 .. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov lag luam tawm cov tsev koom nyiaj, nws coj cov me nyuam lub tsev thiab yog ib tug Thawj Tub Ceev ntawm lub Moscow City Council. Thaum cov tub ntxhais Mary twb koom nyob rau hauv agitational ua ub no ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv, nws tau ntsib nws rau yav tom ntej tus txiv Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich. Cov me nyuam ntawm cov ob peb: nws tus kheej tus ntxhais Maya (npaj cov ntawv ntawm memoirs uas nws txiv), thiab txais yuav tus tub, Yuri.