Zemstvo: ib nyuag lus piav qhia txog

Zemsky council - yog tus thawj lub cev, uas yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kho kom zoo ntawm 1864, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Alexander II. Cov tsev tau raug tsim nyob rau raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug series ntawm kho uas tau raug nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm no caug xyoo.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hnub nyoog

Qhov tam sim ntawd impetus rau nqa tawm kho nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg ntawd lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Qhov no tseem ceeb kauj ruam tau demanded tam sim ntawd hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug, raug, kev hais plaub ntug system, raws li zoo raws li nrhav nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab kab lis kev cai. Yog li ntawd, cia rau lub xyoo ib tug series ntawm kev ntsuas rau tus thawj coj thiab kho kom zoo ntawm kev hais plaub ntug tsev twb muaj. Nyob rau hauv 1864, huab tais muab ib tug decree ntawm lub tsev lag luam ntawm tshwj xeeb zemstvos. Nyob rau tib lub qauv tau tom qab ua thiab nroog kom zoo. tus tshiab mas lub tsev kawm ntawv charter twb qhia, uas tso cai dav dav autonomy rau cov tsev. Yog li, lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub zos nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv yog ib qho tseem ceeb kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub kho kom zoo kev ua ub no ntawm Alexander II.

prehistory

Zemstvo boards twb tsis muaj innovation: lub project ntawm kho kom zoo tau raug npaj thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua. Alexander kuv commissioned Speransky npaj ib tug hloov rau lub empowerment ntawm lub zos cov tub ceev xwm. Tsim los ntawm no statesman txoj kev npaj hu ua rau lub creation ntawm peb theem ntawm hwj chim: nyob deb nroog municipality, county thiab xeev. Thaum txhua tus ntawm cov theem muab rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm doom: lub zos gentry, cov tswv av thiab peasants yog cov nyob deb nroog municipality council, uas yog raug xaiv los ntawm lub cheeb nroog, lub yav tas, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim lub ntsig txog lub xeev thiab ib tug - cov Lavxias teb sab xeev Duma. Qhov no peb tes num teb chaws electoral txoj cai, tej zaum, yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws project Speransky, txawm lub fact tias cov kev xaiv tsa yog tsis kam muaj peasants tau txais. Txawm li cas los, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, qhov kev npaj no yog tsis siv, thiab muaj ib tug heev tseem ceeb cov kev hloov embodied nyob rau hauv cov kho kom zoo ntawm Alexander II.

fundamentals

Zemstvo boards yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ib feem ntawm tus tshiab coj system. Raws li cov kev cai, nyob rau hauv cov av tsim kev tswj lub xeev thiab koog tsev kawm ntawv zemstvo cov rooj sib txoos, uas nyob rau hauv lem xaiv thawj lub cev - pawg sab laj. Cov pejxeem coj ib feem xwb nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv ntawm lub koog tsev kawm ntawv los ua ke. Cov neeg xaiv tsa muaj cov tswv av, lub nroog cov pej xeem thiab cov peasants. Lawv koom tes twb tas rau tej khoom vaj tse tsim nyog. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg - lub tsaws khoom teejtug uas yog tsis tsawg tshaj li 200 feem kaum, av yog tsis tsawg tshaj li 15 txhiab rubles .. los yog ib tug tej yam txhua xyoo cov nyiaj khwv tau.

Huv cov tibneeg yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug coj mus muag los yog muaj enterprise los yog ib tug txhua xyoo cov nyiaj khwv tau ntawm tsis tsawg tshaj li 6 txhiab. Tshiav. Neeg pluag kev xaiv tsa ob-theem: nyob deb nroog zej zog thiab pawg ntseeg. Yog li, lub xum rau cov loj cov tswv av thiab cov bourgeoisie, thaum lub cai ntawm cov pejxeem tau luag.

qauv

Zemsky council raug xaiv ntsig txog lub xeev thiab koog tsev kawm ntawv zemstvo cov rooj sib txoos. nobles coj los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm cov rooj sib tham. Yog li, qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv tau noj loj txaus nyob rau hauv cov lub cev ntawm tsoom fwv hauv zos. Tab sis cov lub cev tsis muaj cov nom tswv lub hwj chim, thiab lawv cov functions tau tas rau hais lub zos xav tau kev pab thiab landscaping. Ntxiv mus, cov kev ua ub yog tswj los ntawm lub hauv paus thiab lub zos cov tub ceev xwm. Yog li, tus nom ntawm lub zos koog tsev kawm ntawv council nyob rau hauv lub xeev pom zoo los ntawm tus Minister ntawm Internal Affairs. Tej zaum ib tug ntau ntawm cov mob nyob rau hauv uas cov kev ua ub ntawm lub zos nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv, txawm tas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tsis muaj lawv tus kheej punitive thiab tub ceev xwm cov koom haum thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, raug yuam kom tig mus rau cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov koom haum saib xyuas, li no thiab lees txais nws nyob tos rau lawv. Cuaj kaum, tus kho kom zoo pab rau lub revitalization ntawm pej xeem cov kev ua ub nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lub intelligentsia.

zog

Qhov tseeb ntawm uas pom zoo chairmen zemstvo, proves yuav ua li cas cov tub ceev xwm twb xav nyob rau hauv kev tsim kom muaj tswj cov lub cev. Lub taub hau ntawm lub county government muab nrog rau kev pom zoo ntawm tus tswv xeev, uas ua raws li cov tsoom fwv hauv zos kev ua ub no. Cov hauj lwm ntawm tus tshiab cov tub ceev xwm muaj cov koom haum ntawm kev accomplishment: lawv ciaj ciam twb railways, tsev kho mob, kev kawm ntawv, kev txhim kho ua liaj ua teb hom kev kawm thiab pab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ua liaj ua teb. Lawv tsim lawv tus kheej cov nyiaj txiag uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv se, nrog lub ib thooj ntawm cov peasantry poob. Cuaj kaum, ntau intellectuals embraced kho kom zoo nrog tej yam txaus siab: muaj ntau feemxyuam kws kho mob, cov xib fwb, paramedics, engineers mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zos thiab pab txhawb kom nws cov nyiaj txiag, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev loj hlob.

nqi

Nyob rau hauv no tshiab system Zemstvo boards yog cov ntsiab thawj chav tsev, vim hais tias nws yog ncaj qha mus muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub zos cov kev xav tau. Nws twb raug xaiv rau peb lub xyoo thiab muaj ib tug tswj thiab peb cov tswv cuab nyob ib ncig ntawm. Tab sis, txawm cov khees zoo kho hais tias nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb disadvantage thaum muab piv rau txoj kev Speransky, uas yog muab rau cov creation ntawm ib tug tag nrho kev xaiv tsa system, los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws kev unit, volost xav mus rau lub tag nrho-Lavxias teb sab hloov khoom nruab nrog hauv lub xeev Duma, nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa uas twb tau mus kawm los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov pejxeem. Raws li cov kho kom zoo ntawm 1864, lub ntsig txog lub xeev thiab koog tsev kawm ntawv zemstvo council, nrog rau cov collections, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog cov tsuas yog ob tug raug xaiv lub cev tsis muaj lub hauv paus, lub zos theem thiab tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab Duma.