Hydrogen - dab tsi yog hais tias cov khoom? Tshuaj thiab lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen

Txhua tshuaj caij nws muaj nws tus kheej qhov chaw txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system, uas qhia tus yam ntxwv tshaaj los ntawm lawv thiab hais lus txog nws hluav taws xob qauv. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug ntawm tag nrho cov atoms, uas yuav siv sij hawm cia li ob lub hlwb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ob tag opposite nyob rau hauv cov khoom tshaaj los ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov ntsiab. Yog hydrogen. Tej yam no ua rau nws cim.

Hydrogen - yog tsis yog ib tug lub caij, tab sis ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li ib feem ntawm ntau txoj tebchaw, biogenic thiab organogenic caij. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog nws tus yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Hydrogen yog cov tshuaj lub caij

Hydrogen - ib tug keeb ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg, raws li zoo raws li lub xya pab pawg neeg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv thawj me me sij hawm. Qhov no lub sij hawm muaj tsuas yog ob tug atoms: Helium thiab lub caij sib cuag. Peb piav qhia txog lub ntsiab nta ntawm ib tug hydrogen txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system.

1. Ordinal tooj ntawm hydrogen - 1, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons yog tib yam, ntsig txog, protons ntau li ntau. Atomic loj - 1,00795. Muaj peb isotope ntawm lub caij nrog huab hwm coj tus xov tooj 1, 2, 3. Txawm li cas los, lub zog ntawm txhua txawv heev, vim hais tias qhov kev nce nyob rau hauv loj ib chav tsev txawm cia li ib zaug rau hydrogen yog ob.
2. Lub fact tias cov txheej zog nws muaj tsuas yog ib electron, nws yuav ntse yuav ob leeg oxidizing thiab txo zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tom qab tus recoil electron nws tseem free orbital, uas yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj bonds uas pub-acceptor mechanism.
3. Hydrogen - yog ib tug muaj zog txo neeg sawv cev. Yog li ntawd, nws yog pom tias yuav tau lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg, qhov uas nws coj cov tshaj cum co - alkaline.
4. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj zog kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj xws li, piv txwv li, hlau, thiab tej zaum nws yuav ua tau ib tug oxidant, txais electron. Cov tebchaw no hu ua hydrides. Nyob rau qhov no vim nws ua ib pab pawg ntawm halogens, uas yog zoo sib xws.
5. Vim lub me me atomic loj ntawm hydrogen yog xav tau lub lightest caij. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov kev ceev yog tseem heev me me, ces nws kuj yog ib tug benchmark rau yooj yim.

Yog li, nws yog tshwm hais tias ib tug hydrogen atom - yog ib tug lig cim, tsis zoo li tag nrho cov lwm yam caij. Li ntawd, cov zog nws tseem yog tshwj xeeb, thiab tsim tej yam yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj tseem ceeb heev. Cia peb xav txog lawv ntxiv lawm.

yooj yim tshuaj

Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov no caij raws li ib tug qauv, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nws yog diatomic. Hais tias yog, hydrogen (yooj yim tshuaj), - ib tug roj. Nws empirical mis yog sau raws li H _2, thiab graphics - los ntawm ib tug tib sigma-daim ntawv cog lus H-H. Lub mechanism ntawm txoj kev ua ib daim ntawv cog lus ntawm atoms - ib tug uas tsis yog-polar covalent.

Txawm Henry Cavendish nyob rau hauv 1766 muaj peev xwm los qhib lub substance. Hais tias nws muaj pov thawj hais tias hydrogen - ib cov roj, ib tug uas yog tau tshuab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom tau tau zoo kawm, nws tau los ua tseeb hais tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - lub lightest ntawm cov nto moo.

Tseem tom qab Lavoisier muab lub npe (raws li ib tug keeb, thiab ib yam khoom uas raws li nws) nyob rau hauv Latin - hydrogenium, uas txhais tau tias "muab yug rau cov dej." Lub discoverer 1781 godu no Henry Cavendish muaj pov thawj tias cov dej - ib tug ua ke ntawm hydrogen thiab oxygen, i.e. nws yog ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawd. Thiab hais tias lub teeb roj yog tseem heev flammable, yog twb paub nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua, qhov no twb reflected nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Paracelsus.

Yog li, molecular hydrogen - yog heev nyob rau hauv qhov thiab lawm tab gaseous compound muaj ob atoms uas yog tau tshuab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov molecule yuav decomposed rau hauv atoms, uas koom nyob rau hauv nuclear tshua, tig mus rau ib tug Helium nucleus. Cov dab tsis tu ncua tshwm sim nyob rau lub hnub thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas yog lub ntsiab lwm tus neeg uas lub compound.

Hydrogen - ib yam khoom uas yog tau qhia lawv tus kheej, thiab raws li ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev, thiab raws li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug heev lug siv nyob rau hauv tib neeg kev ua ub no.

lub zog

Lub cev tsis muaj hydrogen muaj cov nram qab no:

1. Ib kub npau npau taw tes - (-252.76 ⁰ C).
2. Melting point - (-259.2 ⁰ C).
3. Nyob rau hauv lub kub ntau qhia nws yog ib tug tsis muaj kob kua, muaj tsis muaj tsw.
4. Thaum heev pressures muaj nyob snowlike muaju cov khoom hydrogen.
5. Nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob (kub siab thiab tsis kub) yog convertible mus rau ib tug nws yog xim hlau xeev.
6. Xyaum insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, yog li tus nqi yog tau los ntawm kev xaav ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv kev npaj nyob rau hauv lub laboratory.
7. Nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam tej yam kev mob ntawm hydrogen - ib cov roj, ib tug ntxhiab, tsis muaj kob thiab tasteless.
8. Cov thiab heev tshuaj.
9. Nws yaj zoo nyob rau hauv cov hlau, raws li yog tau diffuse los ntawm nws cov thickness.
10. Kwv yees li 14.5 sij hawm cov roj yog sib zog dua cov pa.

Cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm ib tug yooj yim molecular tshuaj, kev sib txuas lus tsis muaj zog, yog li yooj yim lawm.

tshuaj zog

Raws li hais saum toj no, hydrogen yuav muaj ob qho tag nrho yuav txo tau thiab oxidising zog. Tau oxidizing hwj chim ntawm lub caij 1; -1. Yog li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam rau ntau yam syntheses thiab tshua.

Oxidation thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen

1. Lub sis muaj tus nquag co (alkaline thiab alkaline lub ntiaj teb) nyob rau hauv cov pa tej yam kev mob ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm ntsev zoo li tebchaw hu ua hydrides. Piv txwv li: LiH, CaH _2, KH, MgH _2, thiab lwm tus neeg.
2. Tebchaw muaj tsawg active co sov siab los yog muaj zog illumination (lub photochemical pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) tau daim hydrides.

Hydrogen txo zog

1. Sis nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob tsuas nrog fluorine (raws li ib tug muaj zog oxidizing tus sawv cev). Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug hydrogen fluoride los yog hydrofluoric acid HF.
2. Sis nrog yuav luag txhua tus uas tsis yog-hlau, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam es stringent tej yam kev mob. Piv txwv ntawm lub tebchaw: H ₂ S, NH _3, H ₂ O, PH _3, SiH ₄ thiab lwm tus neeg.
3. Recovers co ntawm lawv oxides rau tej yam yooj yim tshuaj. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov muaj txoj kev rau cov hlau -called vodorodotermiey.

Peb kuj yuav tsum highlight tshua uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov organic syntheses. Lawv hu ua hydrogenation - dehydrogenation thiab hydrogen saturation, uas yog, nws cleavage los ntawm cov qauv. Raws li cov kev txoj kev, ib tug plurality ntawm transformations ntawm hydrocarbons thiab lwm yam organic tebchaw.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Hydrogen - yog lub feem ntau substance rau peb ntiaj chaw thiab tshaj. Tom qab tag nrho, yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm interstellar qhov chaw thiab cov hnub qub yog ua los ntawm no xyov compound. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, nws yuav muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm:

• ntshav;
• roj;
• ions;
• atoms;
• molecules.

Muaj ob peb hom sib txawv ntawm cov ceev huab, muaj raws precisely ntawm no substance.

Hais lus concretely ntawm hais tawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, lub hydrogen yog nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm atoms ntawm cov pa tom qab nws kwv yees li 17%. Cov dawb daim ntawv yog tsis tshua muaj, tsuas nyob rau hauv me nqi raws li ib feem ntawm lub qhuav huab cua. Cov feem ntau compound ntawm no lub caij - cov dej. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv ntiaj chaw.

Tsis tas li ntawd, hydrogen yog ib feem ntawm tej sia. Ntxiv mus, 63% ntawm cov tib neeg lub cev nyob tau ib feem ntawm cov atoms. Hydrogen - lub caij yog organogenic yog li ntawd generates molecules ntawm cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, carbohydrates thiab nucleic acids, zoo li ntau lwm yam tseem ceeb heev tebchaw.

txais tos

Muaj ntau txoj kev tau txais cov roj nyob rau hauv peb. Cov no muaj xws li ob peb muaj thiab kuaj synthesis variants.

Coj mus muag dab rau ua hydrogen :

1. Chav methane hloov dua siab tshiab.
2. Gasification ntawm thee - txheej txheem yuav ua cua sov cov pa roj carbon 1000 ⁰ C, li no txoj kev ua hydrogen thiab carbon-intensive.
3. Electrolysis. Qhov no txoj kev yuav siv tau tsuas yog rau cov aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm ntau yam ntsev li cov yaj tsis ua rau cov tawm dej rau hauv cathode.

Kuaj cov hau kev rau cov hydrogen:

1. Lub hydrolysis ntawm hlau hydrides.
2. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nta acids rau active co thiab theem nrab kev ua si.
3. Sis ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb co nrog dej.

Yuav kom sau hydrogen ua, nws yog tsim nyog los kom lub raj upside down. Tom qab tag nrho, cov roj yuav tsis tau sau li, piv txwv li, cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Yog hydrogen, nws yog ntau npaum li cas sib zog dua cov pa. Sai sai disappears, thiab nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau thaum tov nrog cua cia li tawg. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau cov raj tig. Tom qab nws kawm tiav nws yuav tsum raug kaw nrog ib tug roj hmab stopper.

Mus xyuas lub purity ntawm tus sau cov hydrogen yuav tsum coj mus rau lub caj dab ntawm ib tug zes match. Yog hais tias paj rwb npub thiab nyob ntsiag to - yog li cov roj yog huv si, muaj tsawg heev huab cua impurities. Yog hais tias ib tug nrov whistling - qias neeg, nrog ib tug loj sib qhia ntawm txawv teb chaws yam.

Cov cheeb tsam ntawm siv

Thaum lub sij hawm lub combustion ntawm hydrogen tso yog zoo li ntawd ntau npaum li cas ntawm lub zog (thaum tshav kub kub) uas cov roj roj yog lub feem ntau ib qho kev zoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tsis yog polluting. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los, nws siv muaj kev txwv rau cov cheeb tsam no. Qhov no yog vim kev mob-qhia tsis tau kiag li solved qhov teeb meem ntawm synthesis ntawm ntshiab hydrogen, uas yuav tsim kev siv raws li roj nyob rau hauv reactors xyaw thiab portable pab kiag li lawm, raws li tau zoo raws li cov cua kub boilers tsev.

Tseeb, txoj kev rau qhov kev npaj ntawm cov pa roj theej kim, li ntawd ua ntej nws yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb synthesis txoj kev. Ib qho uas yuav cia li yuav nrhiav tau ib yam khoom rau ib tug loj scale thiab muaj tsawg heev dag zog.

Muaj ntau ntau tseem ceeb chaw nyob rau hauv uas cov roj yog siv nyob rau hauv saib xyuas los ntawm peb.

1. Tshuaj synthesis. Raws li cov tau hydrogenation xab npum, margarine, yas. Thaum hydrogen kev koom tes tsim methanol thiab ammonia, thiab lwm yam sib txuas.
2. Nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam - raws li cov additive E949.
3. Lub chaw ua dav hlua kev lag luam (foob pob ua ntxaij, aircraft).
4. Hluav taws xob cov hwj chim.
5. Meteorology.
6. Roj nqus tsev vacuum tsos.

Obviously, cov hydrogen yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tseem ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm lawv tsim txawv tebchaw.

tebchaw hydrogen

Qhov no complex tshuaj muaj hydrogen atoms. ob peb theem pib hom ntawm tej yam muaj peev xwm qhia tau.

1. Halides. Cov kev mis - HHal. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb ntawm lawv yog hydrogen chloride. Qhov no cov roj, uas yaj nyob rau hauv dej rau hydrochloric acid tshuaj. Qhov no acid yog dav siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj syntheses. Ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si organic thiab inorganic. Hydrogen chloride - lub compound muaj qhov cov empirical mis HCL thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau lawm rau ib xyoo nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no. Muaj kuj yog ib tug hydrogen halide xws li hydrogen iodide, hydrogen fluoride thiab hydrogen bromide. Lawv tag nrho cov tsim lub sib nug xov acid.
2. Nrov heev nthe hydrogen nonmetal tebchaw. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv heev nkev kuab lom tog. Piv txwv li, hydrogen sulfide, methane, silane, phosphine, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nws yog ib heev cov.
3. Hydrides - tebchaw nrog hlau. Xa mus rau ntsev ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv.
4. Hydroxides: bases, acids, thiab amphoteric tebchaw. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum muaj xws li cov hydrogen atoms, ib los yog ntau tshaj. Piv txwv li: NaOH, K ₂ [AL (OH) _4], H ₂ li ₄ thiab lwm tus neeg.
5. Hydroxide hydrogen. Qhov no compound yog zoo dua paub li dej. Lwm lub npe hydrogen oxide. Nws empirical mis yog - H ₂ O.
6. Hydrogen peroxide. Qhov no muaj zog oxidizer, uas mis muaj rau hauv daim H ₂ O _2.
7. Heev heev organic tebchaw: hydrocarbons, cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, lipids, vitamins, cov tshuaj hormones, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb roj.

Nws yog tseeb hais tias cov ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev sib txuas peb xav rau lub caij yog heev loj. Qhov no ib zaug dua qhia lub siab tus nqi ntawm qhov thiab txiv neej, raws li zoo raws li rau tag nrho cov nyob quavntsej.

Oxide hydrogen - yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kuab

Raws li hais saum toj no, cov plebeian lub npe ntawm lub substance - dej. Nws muaj ob hydrogen atoms thiab ib cov pa sib thooj, ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent bonds. Cov dej qauv yog ib tug dipole, uas piav txog ntau yam ntawm cov khoom tshaaj los ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv kev lub fact tias nws yog ib tug universal kuab.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub dej puag ncig tshwm sim yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj dab. Puab yas tshua thiab lub zog metabolism hauv uas muaj sia nyob yog tseem nqa tawm nrog hydrogen oxide.

Dej yog xav tau cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshuaj rau hauv lub ntiaj. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tsis muaj nws yuav tsis ua neej nyob ib zaug xwb sia. Nyob rau lub ntiaj teb, nws muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev ntawm aggregation:

• kua;
• Gas (chav);
• khoom (ice).

Nyob rau hauv lub hydrogen isotope nyob rau hauv lub molecule, muaj peb hom ntawm cov dej.

1. Ib qho yooj yim los yog protium. Isotope nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm 1. Cov mis - H ₂ O. Qhov no yog ib tug paub daim ntawv uas siv tau tag nrho cov kab mob no.
2. Deuterium los yog hnyav, nws mis - D ₂ O. muaj isotope ² H.
3. Superheavy los yog tritium. Cov mis yog li T ₃ O isotope - ³ N.

Heev tseem ceeb reserves ntawm cov dej tshiab rau hauv lub ntiaj protium. Twb, nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws muaj yog ib tug tsis muaj nws. Tsim txoj kev rau cov kev kho mob ntawm ntsev dej los tsim potable dej.

Hydrogen peroxide - yog ib tug universal txhais tau tias

Qhov no compound, raws li hais saum toj no, ib qho zoo heev oxidant. Txawm li cas los, muaj zog cov neeg sawv cev muaj peev xwm ua thiab raws li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev ib yam nkaus thiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj ib tug muaj zog bactericidal nyhuv.

Lwm lub npe rau qhov no compound - peroxide. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. 3% cov kua ntawm crystalline tebchaw nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas - qhov no kev kho mob siv yeeb tshuaj uas yog siv rau kev kho mob ntawm me me qhov txhab nrog ib tug saib kom lawv tshem tej paug. Txawm li cas los, nws yog muaj pov thawj hais tias thaum lub tib lub sij hawm kho cov qhov txhab yuav tsub kom.

Tsis tas li ntawd hydrogen peroxide yog siv nyob rau hauv foob pob ua ntxaij roj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam kom tuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj dawb tso, raws li ib tug npuas tawm neeg sawv cev los muab cov coj ntaub ntawv (ua npuas ncauj, piv txwv li). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov peroxide yuav pab tau ntxuav taig, discolor cov plaub hau thiab zoo hniav. Txawm li cas los, tus hu plig ntaub so ntswg, ces tus ua hauj lwm rau lub hom phiaj no yog tsis pom zoo.