Hlau alloys

Hlau alloys yog kua thiab khoom systems. Lawv tsim los ntawm alloying ob los yog ntau tshaj cov ntsiab. Txuas kuj sib txawv hlau. Keeb teev sij hawm xa xwb los ntaub ntawv muaj nws yog xim hlau zog. Txawm li cas los, nrog cov ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm technology thiab lub ntsiab txhais ntawm physics heev txhab thiab kis.

Co thiab cov hlau alloys yog siv dav nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua siv cov khoom, machinery, cov cuab yeej thiab lwm yam. Dua li ntawm qhov haum siab loj heev ntawm ntau lawm ua ib qho kev dag, cov khoom ntawm lub saum toj no cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim, thiab ua hauj twv tias nyob rau hauv lub yav tom ntej, yuav pab tau kom lawv txoj haujlwm.

Alkaline lub ntiaj teb thiab alkali hlau (K, Na, Ca, Li) nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb xeev yog siv nyob rau hauv nuclear reactors raws li ib tug kua hlau. Sodium yog siv raws li ib lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm roj hmab, lithium - doping ib tug muaj zog, khaub-ncaws nyias txhuas tebchaw. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv aircraft.

Co (puag co) muaj nyob lawm nyob rau hauv lub ntsev, oxides thiab ores. Feem ntau, nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv nyob rau hauv cov xwm hais sib ruaj khov (Au, Pt, Cu, Ag). Cov qhib ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub Periodic Mendeleyev System xya caum rau xa mus rau co, Si, Se, GE, Te , Raws li - rau intermediate neeg ntawm cov hlau thiab nonmetals, lawv tej zaum hu ua, thiab semimetals.

Nws yog xim hlau ntaub ntawv no yog txwv kom muab zais rau hauv ob pawg loj. Tus thawj yog cov hlau thiab nws alloys (hlau thiab hlau), mus rau ib tug thib ob - nonferrous co thiab nonferrous hlau alloys. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv:

- lub teeb (kev ceev ntawm mus txog rau 5 grams / cm3);

- hnyav (density ntau dua 10 grams / cm3);

- fusible (nrog ib tug melting point ntawm los ntawm 232 mus 410 degrees);

- refractory (melting kub siab tshaj uas ntawm hlau);

- Noble (muaj siab xeb kuj).

Co muaj ntau zog. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov tshuaj mercury freezes nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kub rho tawm 38,8 degrees, tungsten, muaj peev xwm ntawm tiv lub khiav hauj lwm kub txog li 2000 degrees, sodium, lithium, poov tshuaj sib zog dua dej, thiab osmium thiab iridium hnyav dua lithium nyob rau hauv lub plaub caug-ob lub sij hawm. Xyaum tag nrho cov hlau alloys muaj tus yam ntxwv uas txhais tau hais tias cov qauv thiab cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib tug compound raws li cov cua txias thiab solidification tej yam kev mob, cov neeg kho tshuab thiab thermal kho mob. Cua txias los yog cua sov ua rau kom hloov nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov hlau sib txuas. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub cev, neeg kho tshuab thiab tshuaj zog, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm ua thiab siv.

Kws txawj qhia yam nram no thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys:

1. High thermal conductivity.
2. Nce ductility.
3. High hluav taws xob conductivity.
4. Zoo kub parameter ntawm lub fais kuj. Qhov no piv nruab nrab cov kuj nce nrog ua kub, thiab thaum kub nyob ze rau tsis pes tsawg - superconductivity ntau nws yog xim hlau cov ntaub ntawv.
5. High reflectivity. Nws yog xim hlau ntaub ntawv yog tsis tshab thiab muaj ib tug yam ntxwv nws yog xim hlau ci.
6. Thermionic emission - lub peev xwm los emit electrons thaum rhuab.
7. Nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev siv lead ua qauv.

Yuav kom paub thiab soj ntsuam xyuas cov khoom uas muaj hlau alloys, tshwj xeeb siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev tswj txoj kev, xws li puas. Yog li, nws yog xim hlau ntaub ntawv kuaj plasticity, lub dag lub zog, Thaum tshav kub kub tsis kam, thiab kuj rau corrosion. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv ua ntawv thov uas tsis yog-tug tswj txoj kev. Cov no muaj xws ntsuas ntawm magnetic, kho qhov muag, hluav taws xob zog, hardness index kev txiav txim.